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Accounting Policies of Dhunseri Tea & Industries Ltd. Company

Mar 31, 2017

a) Basis for preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in India under the historical cost convention on accrual basis except for certain tangible fixed assets which are being carried at revalued amounts. Pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 7(1) of the Companies (Accounts) Rules 2014, till the standards of accounting or any addendum thereto are prescribed by Central Government in consultation and recommendation of the National Financial Reporting Authority, the existing Accounting Standards notified under the Companies Act, 1956 shall continue to apply. Consequently, these financial statements have been prepared to comply in all material aspects with accounting standards notified under Section 211(3C) of the Companies Act, 1956, [Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules 2006, as amended] and other relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013.

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company''s normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III (Division I) to the Act.

b) Tangible Assets

As per Revised Accounting Standard (AS) 10 on “Property, Plant and Equipment” effective from 01.04.2016, the Company has opted to adopt the Revaluation Model as prescribed therein for Land and Bearer Plants and the Cost Model for other class of assets.

Freehold and Leasehold Land are stated at revalued amounts. Bearer plants being tea bushes are stated at revalued amounts less accumulated depreciation. Revaluation of Land and Bearer Plants are made with sufficient regularity to ensure that the carrying amount does not differ materially from that which would be determined using fair value at the Balance Sheet date. Other Tangible assets are stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss, if any. Cost comprises cost of acquisition/construction and subsequent improvement thereto including taxes and duties, freight and other incidental expenses relating to acquisition and installation.

c) Depreciation

Depreciation has been provided on straight-line method at the rates determined based on the estimated useful lives of the tangible assets where applicable, specified in Schedule II to the Act and in keeping with other provisions of the said Schedule, which is the same as that evaluated by the management, except for certain categories of Plant and Equipment wherein the estimated useful life has been determined to be 3 years.

Bearer Plants are depreciated over its estimated useful life of 72 years from the date from which they can be commercially harvested.

The estimate of residual value and useful life are reviewed every year.

d) Impairment

An impairment loss is recognized, where applicable, when the recoverable amount of an asset (i.e. higher of the asset''s net selling price and value in use) is less than its carrying amount.

e) Investments

Current investments are carried at the lower of cost and fair value. Long-term investments are carried at cost and provision is recorded to recognize, any decline, other than temporary, in the carrying amount of such investment. Investment acquired in exchange of another is carried at cost determined with reference to the fair value of investment given up.

Investment Property represent investment in land that are not intended to be occupied substantially for use by, or in the operations of, the Company. Investment properties are carried at cost.

f) Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost, computed on a weighted average basis, and estimated net realizable value. Provision is made for obsolescence wherever considered necessary. Cost comprises all cost of purchase, cost of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

g) Employee Benefits

(i) Short term Employee Benefits :

The undiscounted amount of Short-term Employee Benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognized during the period when the employee renders the service.

(ii) Compensated Absences :

Accumulated compensated absences which are expected to be availed or encashed within twelve months from the end of the year are treated as short term employee benefits. The obligation towards the same is measured at the expected cost of accumulating compensating absences as the additional amount expected to be paid as a result of the unused entitlement as at the year-end.

(iii) Post Employment Benefits Plans :

Contributions under Defined Contribution Plans payable in keeping with the related schemes are recognized as expenses for the year.

For Defined Benefit Plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance Sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in full in the Statement of Profit and Loss for the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognized immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested, and otherwise is amortized on straight line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested. The retirement benefit obligation recognized in the Balance Sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognized past service cost, and as reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefit available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan.

(iv) Other Long-Term Employee Benefits (unfunded) :

The cost of providing long-term employee benefits is determined using Projected Unit Credit Method with actuarial valuation being carried out at each Balance Sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses and past service cost are recognized immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss for the period in which they occur. Other long term employee benefit obligation recognized in the Balance Sheet represents the present value of related obligation.

h) Foreign currency transactions

Transactions in foreign currency are recorded at daily exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Monetary items denominated in foreign currency are restated at the year-end at the exchange rate prevailing on the Balance Sheet date. Foreign currency non-monetary items carried in terms of historical cost are reported using the exchange rate on the date of transactions. Exchange differences arising on restatement or settlement are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

i) Revenue recognition

Sales are recognized upon transfer of substantial risk and rewards of ownership in the goods to the buyers as per the terms of the contract and net of trade discounts, sales tax, etc. where applicable. Other items of the revenue are accounted for on accrual basis. j) Other Income

Interest income is recognized on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable. Dividend income is recognized when the right to receive dividend is established.

Other items are accounted for on accrual basis. k) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets (i.e. assets that necessarily take substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale) are added to the cost of those assets. All other borrowing costs are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.

l) Current and Deferred Tax

Current tax in respect of taxable income for the year is recognized based on applicable tax rate and laws.

Deferred tax is recognized, subject to the consideration of prudence, on timing differences, being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods and is measured using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Balance Sheet date. Deferred tax assets in respect of carried forward losses and/or unabsorbed depreciation are recognized only when it is virtually certain and in other cases where there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date to re-assess realization. Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset when there is legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle the asset and the liability on a net basis. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset when there is legally enforceable right to set off assets and liabilities representing current tax and where the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to taxes on income levied by the same governing taxation laws.

m) Leases

Leases where a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the period of lease.

n) Government Grants

(i) Government grants of the nature of promoters'' contribution are credited to Capital Reserve.

(ii) Government grants related to specific fixed assets are deducted from gross values of related assets in arriving at their book values.

(iii) Government grants related to revenue are recognized on a systematic basis in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the periods necessary to match them with their related costs.

o) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

Provisions are recognized when there is a present obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and in respect of which reliable estimate can be made.

Contingent Liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.

p) Cash & Cash Equivalents

In the cash flow statement, cash and cash equivalents include cash in hand, demand deposits with banks, other short term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

q) Earnings per share

Basic Earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Earnings considered in ascertaining the Company''s earnings per share is the net profit for the period.

For the purpose of calculating the diluted earnings per share the net profit or loss for the period attributable to the equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.

r) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires use of estimates and assumptions to be made that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Difference between actual amount and estimates are recognized in the period in which the results are known / materialized.

I. Gratuity (Funded)

The Company provides for gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. As per the scheme, the Gratuity Trust Fund make payment to vested employees at retirement, death/disability, withdrawal of an amount based on the respective employee’s eligible salary for specified number of days depending upon the tenure of service subject to a maximum limit of Rs 10 lakhs. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. Liability with regard to the aforesaid gratuity plan is determined by actuarial valuation as set out in Note 1(g)(iii) above, based upon which the Company makes annual contributions for Gratuity to the Trust Fund.

(i) The estimate of future salary increase considered in actuarial valuation takes into account factors like inflation, seniority, promotion and other relevant factors. The expected return on plan assets is determined after taking into consideration composition of plan assets held, assessed risk, historical results on plan assets, the Company''s policy for plan asset management and other relevant factors.

(j) The net liability recognized in the Balance Sheet is expected to be paid in full within the next year.

(k) The Company provides for Superannuation benefit to certain employees wherein 15% of basic salary is funded with Life Insurance Corporation of India. Contribution during the year to such Fund amounts to Rs 7.54 lakhs (Previous Year Rs. 7.30 lakhs) and has been recognized as an expense and included in Note 27- Employee benefits expenses under the head “Contribution to provident and other funds” in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(l) The Company contributes 12% of the basic salary of Head Office employees towards Pension/Provident Fund Scheme to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, West Bengal and 12% of the basic salary of garden staff/workers to Assam Tea Plantation Provident Fund account. Contribution during the year to such Funds amount to Rs 510.42 lakhs (Previous Year Rs 425.95 lakhs) and has been recognized as an expense and included in Note 27- Employee benefits expenses under the head “Contribution to provident and other funds” in the Statement of Profit and Loss.


Mar 31, 2016

Notes to Financial Statements for the year ended 31st March, 2016

Note : 1 [SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

a) Basis for preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in India under the historical cost convention on accrual basis except for certain tangible fixed assets which are being carried at revalued amounts. Pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules 2014, till the standards of accounting or any addendum thereto are prescribed by Central Government in consultation and recommendation of the National Financial Reporting Authority, the existing Accounting Standards notified under the Companies Act, 1956 shall continue to apply. Consequently, these financial statements have been prepared to comply in all material aspects with accounting standards notified under Section 211(3C) of the Companies Act 1956, [Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules 2006, as amended] and other relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013.

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company''s normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III to the Act.

b) Tangible Assets

Tangible assets are stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses if any except in case of Freehold Land and Leasehold Land and Estate Development which are carried at revalued amount. Cost comprises cost of acquisition/construction and subsequent improvement thereto including taxes and duties, freight and other incidental expenses relating to acquisition and installation.

Expenditure incurred towards estate development during the first year is capitalized and the expenses incurred thereafter in subsequent years and cost of replanting in existing areas are charged to revenue.

c) Depreciation

Depreciation has been provided on straight-line method at the rates determined based on the estimated useful lives of the tangible assets where applicable, specified in Schedule II to the Act and in keeping with other provisions of the said Schedule except for certain categories of Plant and Equipment wherein the estimated use life has been determined to be 3 years.

d) Impairment

An impairment loss is recognized, where applicable, when the recoverable amount of an asset (i.e. higher of the asset''s net selling price and value in use) is less than its carrying amount.

e) Investments

Current investments are carried at the lower of cost and fair value. Long-term investments are carried at cost and provision is recorded to recognize, any decline, other than temporary, in the carrying amount of such investment. Investment acquired in exchange of another is carried at cost determined with reference to the fair value of investment given up.

Investment Property represent investment in land that are not intended to be occupied substantially for use by, or in the operations of, the Company. Investment properties are carried at cost.

f) Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost, computed on a weighted average basis, and estimated net realizable value. Provision is made for obsolescence wherever considered necessary. Cost comprises all cost of purchase, cost of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

g) Employee Benefits

(i) Short term Employee Benefits:

The undiscounted amount of Short-term Employee Benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognized during the period when the employee renders the service.

(ii) Compensated Absences

Accumulated compensated absences which are expected to be availed or encashed within twelve months from the end of the year are treated as short term employee benefits. The obligation towards the same is measured at the expected cost of accumulating compensating absences as the additional amount expected to be paid as a result of the unused entitlement as at the year-end.

(iii) Post Employment Benefits Plans:

Contributions under Defined Contribution Plans payable in keeping with the related schemes are recognized as expenses for the year.

For Defined Benefit Plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance Sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in full in the Statement of Profit and Loss for the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognized immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested, and otherwise is amortized on straight line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested. The retirement benefit obligation recognized in the Balance Sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognized past service cost, and as reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefit available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan.

(iv) Other Long-Term Employee Benefits (unfunded):

The cost of providing long-term employee benefits is determined using Projected Unit Credit Method with actuarial valuation being carried out at each Balance Sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses and past service cost are recognized immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss for the period in which they occur. Other long term employee benefit obligation recognized in the Balance Sheet represents the present value of related obligation.

h) Foreign currency transactions

Transactions in foreign currency are recorded at daily exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Monetary items denominated in foreign currency are restated at the year-end at the exchange rate prevailing on the Balance Sheet date. Foreign currency non-monetary items carried in terms of historical cost are reported using the exchange rate on the date of transactions. Exchange differences arising on restatement or settlement are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

i) Revenue recognition

Sales are recognized upon transfer of substantial risk and rewards of ownership in the goods to the buyers as per the terms of the contract and net of trade discounts, sales tax, etc. where applicable. Other items of the revenue are accounted for on accrual basis.

j) Other Income

Interest income is recognized on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable.

Dividend income is recognized when the right to receive dividend is established.

Other items are accounted for on accrual basis.

k) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets (i.e. assets that necessarily take substantial period or time to get ready for their intended use or sale) are added to the cost of those assets. All other borrowing costs are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.

l) Current and Deferred Tax

Current tax in respect of taxable income for the year is recognized based on applicable tax rate and laws.

Deferred tax is recognized, subject to the consideration of prudence, on timing differences, being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods and is measured using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Balance Sheet date. Deferred tax assets in respect of carried forward losses and/or unabsorbed depreciation are recognized only when it is virtually certain and in other cases where there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date to re-assess realization. Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset when there is legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle the asset and the liability on a net basis. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset when there is legally enforceable right to set off assets and liabilities representing current tax and where the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to taxes on income levied by the same governing taxation laws.

m) Leases

Leases where a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the period of lease.

n) Government Grants

(i) Government grants of the nature of promoters'' contribution are credited to Capital Reserve.

(ii) Government grants related to specific fixed assets are deducted from gross values of related assets in arriving at their book values.

(iii) Government grants related to revenue are recognized on a systematic basis in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the periods necessary to match them with their related costs.

o) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

Provisions are recognized when there is a present obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and in respect of which reliable estimate can be made.

Contingent Liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.

p) Cash & Cash Equivalents

In the cash flow statement, cash and cash equivalents include cash in hand, demand deposits with banks, other short term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

q) Earnings per share

Basic Earning per share is calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Earnings considered in ascertaining the Company''s earnings per share is the net profit for the period.

For the purpose of calculating the diluted earnings per share the net profit or loss for the period attributable to the equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.

r) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires use of estimates and assumptions to be made that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Difference between actual amount and estimates are recognized in the period in which the results are known / materialized


Mar 31, 2015

A) Basis for preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in India under the historical cost convention on accrual basis except for certain tangible fixed assets which are being carried at revalued amounts. Pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules 2014, till the standards of accounting or any addendum thereto are prescribed by Central Government in consultation and recommendation of the National Financial Reporting Authority, the existing Accounting Standards notified under the Companies Act, 1956 shall continue to apply. Consequently, these financial statements have been prepared to comply in all material aspects with accounting standards notified under Section 211(3C) [Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules 2006, as amended] and other relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (the Act).

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company's normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III to the Act.

b) Tangible Assets

Tangible assets are stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses if any except in case of Freehold Land and Leasehold Land and Estate Development which are carried at revalued amount. Cost comprises cost of acquisition/construction and subsequent improvement thereto including taxes and duties, freight and other incidental expenses relating to acquisition and installation. Expenditure incurred towards estate development during the first year is capitalized and the expenses incurred thereafter in subsequent years and cost of replanting in existing areas are charged to revenue.

c) Depreciation

Deprecation has been provided on straight-line method at the rates determined based on the estimated useful lives of the tangible assets where applicable, specified in Schedule II to the Act and in keeping with other provisions of the said Schdule.

d) Impairment

An impairment loss is recognized, where applicable, when the recoverable amount of an asset (i.e. higher of the asset's net selling price and value in use) is less than its carrying amount.

e) Investments

Current investments are carried at the lower of cost and fair value. Long-term investments are carried at cost and provision is recorded to recognize, any decline, other than temporary, in the carrying amount of such investment. Investment acquired in exchange of another is carried at cost determined with reference to the fair value of investment given up.

Investment Property represent investment in land that are not intended to be occupied substantially for use by, or in the operations of, the Company. Investment properties are carried at cost.

f) Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost, computed on a weighted average basis, and estimated net realizable value. Provision is made for obsolescence wherever considered necessary. Cost comprises all cost of purchase, cost of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

g) Employee Benefits

(i) Short term Employee Benefits:

The undiscounted amount of Short-term Employee Benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognized during the period when the employee renders the service.

(ii) Post Employment Benefits Plans:

Contributions under Defined Contribution Plans payable in keeping with the related schemes are recognized as expenses for the year.

For Defined Benefit Plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance Sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in full in the Statement of Profit and Loss for the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognized immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested, and otherwise is amortized on straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested. The retirement benefit obligation recognized in the Balance Sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognized past service cost, and as reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefit available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan.

(iii) Other Long-Term Employee Benefits (unfunded):

The cost of providing long-term employee benefits is determined using Projected Unit Credit Method with actuarial valuation being carried out at each Balance Sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses and past service cost are recognized immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss for the period in which they occur. Other long-term employee benefit obligation recognized in the Balance Sheet represents the present value of related obligation.

h) Foreign currency transactions

Transactions in foreign currency are recorded at daily exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Monetary items denominated in foreign currency are restated at the year-end at the exchange rate prevailing on the Balance Sheet date. Foreign currency non-monetary items carried in terms of historical cost are reported using the exchange rate on the date of transactions. Exchange differences arising on restatement or settlement are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

i) Revenue recognition

Sales are recognized upon transfer of substantial risk and rewards of ownership in the goods to the buyers as per the terms of the contract and net of trade discounts, sales tax, etc. where applicable. Other items of the revenue are accounted for on accrual basis.

j) Other Income

Interest income is recognized on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable. Dividend income is recognized when the right to receive dividend is established.

Other items are accounted for on accrual basis.

k) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets (i.e. assets that necessarily take substantial period or time to get ready for their intended use or sale) are added to the cost of those assets. All other borrowing costs are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.

l) Taxes on income

Current tax in respect of taxable income for the year is recognized based on applicable tax rate and laws.

Deferred tax is recognized, subject to the consideration of prudence, on timing differences, being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods and is measured using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Balance Sheet date. Deferred tax assets in respect of carried forward losses and/or unabsorbed depreciation are recognized only when it is virtually certain and in other cases where there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax

assets can be realized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date to re-assess realization. Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset when there is legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle the asset and the liability on a net basis. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset when there is legally enforceable right to set off assets and liabilities representing current tax and where the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to taxes on income levied by the same governing taxation laws.

m) Leases

Leases where a significant portion of the risk and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating lease. Payments made under operating leases are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the period of lease.

n) Government Grants

(i) Government grants of the nature of promoters' contribution are credited to Capital Reserve.

(ii) Government grants related to specific fixed assets are deducted from gross values of related assets in arriving at their book values.

(iii) Government grants related to revenue are recognized on a systematic basis in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the periods necessary to match them with their related costs.

o) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

Provisions are recognized when there is a present obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and in respect of which reliable estimate can be made.

Contingent Liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.

p) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires use of estimates and assumptions to be made that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Difference between actual amount and estimates are recognized in the period in which the results are known / materialized.

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