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Accounting Policies of Eicher Motors Ltd. Company

Mar 31, 2023

1. CORPORATE INFORMATION

Eicher Motors Limited ("the Company") is a public company domiciled and incorporated in India under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956.

The Company is engaged in the manufacturing and selling of motorcycles, spare parts and related services. The Company has its registered office at New Delhi,

India and its corporate office at Gurugram, Haryana, India. The Company has its equity shares listed on the BSE Limited and National Stock Exchange of India Limited. The standalone financial statements were authorized for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on May 11, 2023.

2. BASIS OF PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION

2.1 Statement of Compliance

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as amended from time to time) and the presentation requirements of Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013, (Ind AS compliant Schedule III), as applicable to the financial statements.

The Company has prepared the financial statements on the basis that it will continue to operate as a going concern.

2.2 Accounting convention

The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange of goods and services. The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees and all values are rounded to the nearest two decimals of crore, except otherwise indicated.

2.3 Operating cycle

Based on the nature of products/ activities of the Company and the normal time between acquisition of assets and their realization in cash or cash equivalents, the Company has determined its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of classification of its assets and liabilities as current and non-current.

3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

3.1 Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet on current / non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

♦ Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

♦ Held primarily for the purpose of trading

♦ Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or

♦ Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle

a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

♦ It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

♦ It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

♦ It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

♦ There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

3.2 Fair Value Measurement

The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value

measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

♦ In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

♦ In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions, that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant''s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

♦ Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

♦ Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

♦ Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

External valuers are involved for valuation of significant assets, such as properties and unquoted financial assets, and significant liabilities, such as contingent consideration. Involvement of external valuers is decided upon annually by the Company. Selection criteria include market knowledge, reputation, independence and whether professional standards are maintained. The Company decides, after discussions with the Company''s external valuers, which valuation techniques and inputs to use for each case.

At each reporting date, the Company analyses the movements in the values of assets and liabilities which are required to be re-measured or re-assessed as per the Company''s accounting policies. For this analysis, the Company verifies the major inputs applied in the latest valuation by agreeing the information in the valuation computation to contracts and other relevant documents.

The Company also compares the change in the fair value of each asset and liability with relevant external sources to determine whether the change is reasonable.

3.3 Revenue from contract with customers

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company has generally concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, except for the agency services below, because it typically controls the goods or services before transferring them to the customer.

Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the goods.

The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g., warranties, Road Side Assistance (RSA), Free Service Coupons (FSC), etc.). In determining the transaction price for the sale of goods, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, non-cash consideration, and consideration payable to the customer (if any).

Variable consideration

If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods to the customer. The variable consideration is estimated at contract inception and constrained until it is highly probable that a significant revenue reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the associated uncertainty with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Some contracts for the sale of traded goods provide customers with a right of return for which, the consideration is estimated based on goods expected to be returned. The rights of return give rise to variable consideration.

For goods that are expected to be returned, instead of revenue, the Company recognises a refund liability.

Warranty obligations

The Company typically provides warranties for general repairs of defects that existed at the time of sale, as required by law.

These assurance-type warranties are accounted for under Ind AS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Refer to the accounting policy on warranty provisions in section 3.16 Provisions.

The Company provides a one to three years warranty beyond fixing defects that existed at

the time of sale. These service-type warranties are sold either separately or bundled together with the sale of goods. Contracts for bundled sales of goods and a service-type warranty comprise two performance obligations because the promises to transfer the goods and to provide the service-type warranty are capable of being distinct. Using the relative stand-alone selling price method, a portion of the transaction price is allocated to the service-type warranty and recognised as a contract liability. Revenue is recognised on the service-type warranty to the extent of actual cost incurred on rendering the warranty service.

Agency services

In contracts where the Company acts as an agent, the revenue is recorded at the net amount that the Company retains for its agency services.

Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Company''s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section 3.17 Financial instruments - initial recognition and subsequent measurement.

Contract liabilities

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company performs under the contract.

Dividend and interest income

Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder''s right to receive payment has been established.

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably.

Interest income is accrued on, time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset''s net carrying amount on initial recognition.

3.4 Leases

The Company assesses at the contract inception, whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

As a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

i) Right-of-use assets

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

Buildings 2 to 25 years

Land 99 years

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is

calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset.

The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in section 3.13 Impairment of non-financial assets.

ii) Lease Liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless they are incurred to produce inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the

assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

iii) Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases of buildings and others (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

As a lessor

Leases in which the Company transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an underlying asset are classified as finance leases.

Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income arising is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

In case of finance lease, as a lessor, the company recognises, at the commencement date, assets held under a finance lease in its balance sheet and present them as a receivable at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease. Interest rate implicit is used to measure the net investment in the lease.

Initial direct costs, other than those incurred by the company, are included in the initial measurement of the net investment in the lease and reduce the amount of income recognised over the lease term. The interest rate implicit in the lease is arrived in such a way that the initial direct costs are included automatically in the net investment in the lease.

At the commencement date, the lease payments included in the measurement of the net investment in the lease comprise the following payments for the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term that are not received at the commencement date:

(a) fixed payments less any lease incentives payable, (b) variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date; (c) any residual value guarantees provided to the lessor by the lessee, a party related to the lessee or a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee, (d) the exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option and (e) payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease.

At the commencement date, as a manufacturer or dealer the Company recognises the following for each of its finance leases:

(a) revenue being the fair value of the underlying asset, or, if lower, the present value of the lease payments accruing to the lessor, discounted using a market rate of interest; (b) the cost of sale being the cost, or carrying amount if different, of the underlying asset less the present value of the unguaranteed residual value; and (c) selling profit or loss (being the difference between revenue and the cost of sale) in accordance with its policy for outright sales to which Ind AS 115 applies. The company also recognise selling profit or loss on a finance lease at the commencement date, regardless of whether the company transfers the underlying asset as described in Ind AS 115."

The company as a manufacturer or dealer lessor recognises as an expense costs incurred in connection with obtaining a finance lease at the commencement date because they are mainly related to earning the manufacturer or dealer''s selling profit. Costs incurred by the company in connection with obtaining a finance lease are excluded from the definition of initial direct costs and, thus, are excluded from the net investment in the lease.

Subsequent measurement:

The company recognises finance income over the lease term, based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on the lessor''s net investment in the lease.

The finance income is allocated over the lease term on a systematic and rational basis. The company applies the lease payments relating to the period against the gross investment in the lease to reduce both the principal and the unearned finance income.

The company applies the derecognition and impairment requirements in Ind AS 109 to the net investment in the lease. The company reviews regularly estimated unguaranteed residual values used in computing the gross investment in the lease. If there has been a reduction in the estimated unguaranteed residual value, the company revises the income allocation over the lease term and recognises immediately any reduction in respect of amounts accrued.

3.5 Foreign currencies

The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees, which is also the functional currency of the Company. In preparing the financial statements of the Company, transactions in currencies other than the Company''s functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognised at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions.

At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date.

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the foreign operation at the functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition.

In respect of foreign operation, the assets and liabilities are translated into INR at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and their statement of profit and loss at the rates prevailing on the date of the transactions. However, for practical reasons, the Company uses an average rate to translate the income and expense items, if the average approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction.

Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognised in the Statement of profit or loss with the exception of the following:

- Exchange differences arising on monetary items that forms part of a reporting entity''s net investment in a foreign operation are initially recognised in the financial statements of the Company

in the other comprehensive income.

These exchange differences are reclassified from equity (Foreign currency translation reserve) to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment.

- Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those monetary items are also recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI).

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.

Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognised in OCI or profit or loss are also recognised in OCI or profit or loss, respectively).

3.6 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

All other borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

3.7 Government grants

Government grants are not recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them and that the grants will be received. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognised as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed.

When the Company receives grant of non-monetary assets, the asset and the grant are recorded at fair value amounts and released to the statement of profit and loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption of the benefit of the underlying asset, i.e., by equal annual instalments.

In the case of Export Promotion Capital Goods (''EPCG'') grant, the Company recognise the grant in the statement of profit and loss on a systematic basis over the useful life of the assets.

3.8 Retirement and other employee benefits

Provident fund

(i) The Company operates a scheme of provident fund for eligible employees, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the employee and the Company make monthly contributions to the provident fund plan equal to a specified percentage of the covered employee''s salary.

The Company contributes a part of the contributions to the "Eicher Executive Provident Fund Trust". The rate at which the annual interest is payable to the beneficiaries by the trust is being administered by the Government.

The Company has an obligation to make good the shortfall, if any, between the return from the investments of the trust and the notified interest rate.

The cost of providing benefits under above mentioned defined benefit plan is determined using the projected unit credit method with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and

measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.

(ii) The employees, who are not covered

under the scheme stated in 3.8 (i) above, are covered in a defined contribution scheme wherein their portion of provident fund is contributed to the government administered provident fund. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as expenditure, when an employee renders the related service.

Gratuity

The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan, which requires contributions to be made to a separately administered fund.

For defined benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period.

Re-measurements, comprising actuarial gains and losses and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Re-measurements recognised in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and is not reclassified to profit or loss. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

Defined benefit costs are categorised as follows:

♦ service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses or curtailments

and settlements);

♦ net interest expense or income; and

♦ re-measurement

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

The Company presents the first two components of defined benefit costs in profit or loss in the line item ''Employee benefits expense''.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or surplus in the Company''s defined benefit plans. Any surplus resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plans.

Short-term and other long-term employee benefits

A liability is recognised for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of short-term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of other long-term employee benefits such as annual leave and sick leave are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows expected to be made by the Company in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date.

3.9 Share-based payment arrangements

Employees (including senior executives) of the Company receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (equity-settled transactions).

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. Details regarding the determination of the fair value of equity-settled share-based transactions are set out in note no. 49.

That cost is recognised, together with a corresponding increase in share-based payment (SBP) reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled in employee benefits expense. The cumulative expense recognised for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Company''s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest.

The statement of profit and loss expense or credit for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognised as at the beginning and end of that period and is recognised in employee benefits expense.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

3.10 Taxation

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from profit before tax'' as reported in the statement of profit and loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company''s current tax is calculated using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between

the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:

♦ When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

♦ In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:

♦ When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that

is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

♦ In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Current and deferred tax for the year

Current and deferred tax are recognised in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

3.11 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment (including furniture, fixtures, vehicles, etc.) held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost of acquisition is inclusive of freight, duties, taxes and other incidental expenses. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Freehold land is not depreciated.

Capital work in progress is stated at cost, net of impairment loss, if any. Cost includes items directly attributable to the construction or acquisition of the item of property, plant and equipment, and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalised in accordance with the Company''s accounting policy.

Such properties are classified to the appropriate categories of property, plant and equipment when completed and ready for intended use. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives, using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Depreciation is charged on a pro-rata basis at the straight line method over estimated economic useful lives of its property, plant and equipment generally in accordance with that provided in the Schedule II to the Act as provided below and except in respect of moulds and dies which are depreciated over their estimated useful life of 0 to 7 years, wherein, the life of the said assets has been assessed based on technical advice, taking into account the nature of the asset, the estimated usage (including unit of production) of the asset, the operating conditions of the asset, past history of replacement, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers warranties and maintenance support, etc.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in profit or loss. The useful lives for various property, plant and equipment are given below:

Particulars

Useful life (in years)

Buildings

30-60

Plant and equipment

5-15 (except in respect of moulds and dies covered above)

Furniture and fixtures

10

Office equipment

5

Vehicles

5

As part of transition from the previous GAAP, the Company had elected to continue with the carrying value for all of its property, plant and equipment and intangible assets recognised in the previous GAAP as deemed cost at the transition date.

3.12 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately and intangible assets not yet available for use are not amortised, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level.

Internally-generated intangible assets -research and development expenditure

Expenditure on research activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.

An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognised if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

♦ the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale

♦ the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

♦ the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

♦ how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

♦ the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

♦ the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The amount initially recognised for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally-generated intangible asset can be recognised, development expenditure is recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

Derecognition of intangible assets

An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, and are recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised.

Useful lives of intangible assets

Intangible assets comprising of product design, prototypes, etc., either acquired or internally developed are amortised over a period of 5 to 10 years, the estimated minimum useful life of the related products. Cost of software is amortised over a period of 3 years or less depending on the estimated useful life of asset. The useful lives for intangible assets are given below:

Particulars

Useful life (in years)

Product designs, prototypes, etc.

5 to 10

Computer software

3

3.13 Impairment of non-financial assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company assesses, whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use.

When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash- generating unit to which the asset belongs. When a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company''s cash generating unit (CGU).

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss. When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or

a cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

3.14 Investment property

Investment property is a property held to earn rentals and capital appreciation. Investment property is measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment property is measured in accordance with Ind AS 16''s requirements for cost model. The Company depreciates building component of investment property over 30 years from the date of capitalisation.

Investment properties are derecognised either when they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. The difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognised in profit or loss in the period of derecognition.

3.15 Inventories

Inventories comprising Raw materials, work-inprogress, stores and spares, loose tools, traded goods and finished goods are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to its present location. Cost of inventories is determined on a moving average.

Finished goods and work-in-progress include appropriate proportion of manufacturing overheads at normal capacity and where applicable, duty. Net realisable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.

3.16 Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. When a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows (when the effect of the time value of money is material).

Warranties

The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold.

These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failures. The timing of outflows will vary as and when warranty claim will arise.

Onerous contracts

An onerous contract is a contract under which the unavoidable costs (i.e., the costs that the Company cannot avoid because it has the contract) of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it.

The unavoidable costs under a contract reflect the least net cost of exiting from the contract, which is the lower of the cost of fulfilling it and any compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfil it. The cost of fulfilling a contract comprises the costs that relate directly to the contract (i.e., both incremental costs and an allocation of costs directly related to contract activities).

Contingent liabilities

A disclosure for a contingent liability is made when there is a possible obligation or a present obligation that may, but probably will not, require an outflow of resources. When the likelihood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made.

3.17 Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in profit or loss.

3.18 Financial assets

All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortised cost or fair value through profit and loss or fair value through other comprehensive income, depending on the classification of the financial assets.

Classification of financial assets

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortised cost (except for debt instruments that are designated at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

♦ the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

♦ the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income ("FVTOCI") (except for debt instruments that are designated at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

♦ the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

♦ the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Interest income is recognised in profit or loss for FVTOCI debt instruments.

All other financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Effective interest method

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Income is recognised on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified at FVTPL.

Interest income is recognised in profit or loss and is included in the ""Other income"" line item.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Investments in equity instruments are classified at FVTPL, unless the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income for investments in equity instruments which are not held for trading.

Debt instruments that do not meet the amortised cost criteria or FVTOCI criteria are measured at FVTPL. In addition, debt instruments that meet the amortised cost criteria or the FVTOCI criteria but are designated at FVTPL are measured at FVTPL.

A financial asset that meets the amortised cost criteria or debt instruments that meet the FVTOCI criteria may be designated at FVTPL upon initial recognition if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on re-measurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset and is included in the ''Other income'' line item. Dividend on financial assets at FVTPL is recognised when the Company''s right to receive the dividends is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the entity, the dividend does not represent a recovery of part of cost of the investment and the amount of dividend can be measured reliably.

Investments in subsidiaries and joint ventures are carried at cost in the separate financial statements.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company applies the expected credit loss model for recognising impairment loss on financial assets measured at amortised cost, debt instruments at FVTOCI, trade receivables, other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset, and financial guarantees not designated at FVTPL.

The Company measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition.

Further, for the purpose of measuring lifetime expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient as permitted under Ind AS 109.

This expected credit loss allowance is computed based on historical credit loss experience and adjustments for forward looking information.

Derecognition of financial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party.

3.19 Financial liabilities and equity instruments

Classification as financial liability or equity

Debt and equity instruments issued by Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term.

Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognised in the profit or loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as

FVTPL, fair value gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in the other comprehensive income. These gains/ loss are not subsequently transferred to P&L. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortised cost are determined based on the effective interest method. Interest expense that is not capitalised as part of cost of an asset is included in the ''Finance costs'' line item.

The effecti


Mar 31, 2022

1. Corporate Information

Eicher Motors Limited ("the Company") is a public company domiciled and incorporated in India under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956. The Company is engaged in the manufacturing and selling of motorcycles, spare parts and related services. The Company has its registered office at New Delhi, India and its corporate office at Gurugram,

Haryana, India. The Company has its equity shares listed on the BSE Limited and National Stock Exchange of India Limited. The standalone financial statements were authorized for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on May 13, 2022.

2. Basis of preparation and presentation

2.1 Statement of Compliance

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as amended from time to time) and the presentation requirements of Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013, (Ind AS compliant Schedule III), as applicable to the financial statements.

2.2 Accounting convention

The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange of goods and services. The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees and all values are rounded to the nearest two decimals of crore, except otherwise indicated.

2.3 Operating cycle

Based on the nature of products / activities of the Company and the normal time between acquisition of assets and their realization in cash or cash equivalents, the Company has determined its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of classification of its assets and liabilities as current and non-current.

3. Significant Accounting Policies

3.1 Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet on current / non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

• Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

• Held primarily for the purpose of trading

• Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Company classifies all other liabilities as noncurrent.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities.

3.2 Fair Value Measurement

The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

• In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

• In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions, that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant''s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

• Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

• Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

• Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

External valuers are involved for valuation of significant assets, such as properties and unquoted financial assets, and significant liabilities, such as contingent consideration. Involvement of external valuers is decided upon annually by the Company. Selection criteria include market knowledge, reputation, independence and whether professional standards are maintained. The Company decides, after discussions with the Company''s external valuers, which valuation techniques and inputs to use for each case.

At each reporting date, the Company analyses the movements in the values of assets and liabilities which are required to be re-measured or re-assessed as per the Company''s accounting policies. For this analysis, the Company verifies the major inputs applied in the latest valuation by agreeing the information in the valuation computation to contracts and other relevant documents.

The Company also compares the change in the fair value of each asset and liability with relevant external sources to determine whether the change is reasonable.

3.3 Revenue from contract with customers

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company has generally concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, except for the agency services below, because it typically controls the goods or services before transferring them to the customer.

Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the goods.

The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g., warranties, Road Side Assistance (RSA), Free Service Coupons (FSC), etc.). In determining the transaction price for the sale of goods, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, non-cash consideration, and consideration payable to the customer (if any).

Variable consideration

If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods to the customer. The variable consideration is estimated at contract inception and constrained until it is highly probable that a significant revenue reversal in the amount of

cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the associated uncertainty with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Some contracts for the sale of traded goods provide customers with a right of return for which, the consideration is estimated based on goods expected to be returned. The rights of return give rise to variable consideration. For goods that are expected to be returned, instead of revenue, the Company recognises a refund liability.

Warranty obligations

The Company typically provides warranties for general repairs of defects that existed at the time of sale, as required by law. These assurance-type warranties are accounted for under Ind AS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Refer to the accounting policy on warranty provisions in section 3.16 Provisions.

The Company provides a one to three years warranty beyond fixing defects that existed at the time of sale. These service-type warranties are sold either separately or bundled together with the sale of goods. Contracts for bundled sales of goods and a service-type warranty comprise two performance obligations because the promises to transfer the goods and to provide the service-type warranty are capable of being distinct. Using the relative stand-alone selling price method, a portion of the transaction price is allocated to the service-type warranty and recognised as a contract liability. Revenue is recognised on the service-type warranty to the extent of actual cost incurred on rendering the warranty service.

Agency services

In contracts where the Company acts as an agent, the revenue is recorded at the net amount that the Company retains for its agency services.

Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Company''s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section 3.17 Financial instruments -initial recognition and subsequent measurement.

Contract liabilities

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company performs under the contract.

Dividend and interest income

Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder''s right to receive payment has been established.

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on, time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset''s net carrying amount on initial recognition.

3.4 Leases

The Company assesses at the contract inception, whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

As a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

i) Right-of-use assets

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less

any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

Buildings 2 to 25 years

Land 99 years

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset.

The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in section 3.13 Impairment of non-financial assets.

ii) Lease Liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless they are incurred to produce inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future

payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

iii) Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases of buildings and others (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). Lease payments on shortterm leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

As a lessor

Leases in which the Company transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an underlying asset are classified as finance leases.

Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income arising is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

In case of finance lease, as a lessor, the company recognises, at the commencement date, assets held under a finance lease in its balance sheet and present them as a receivable at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease. Interest rate implicit is used to measure the net investment in the lease. Initial direct costs, other than those incurred by the company, are included in the initial measurement of the net investment in the lease and reduce the amount of income recognised over the lease term. The interest rate implicit in the lease is arrived in such a way that the initial direct costs are included automatically in the net investment in the lease.

At the commencement date, the lease payments included in the measurement of the net investment in the lease comprise the following payments for the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term that are not received at the commencement date:

(a) fixed payments less any lease incentives payable,

(b) variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date; (c) any residual value guarantees provided to the lessor by the lessee, a party related to the lessee or a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee, (d) the exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option and (e) payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease.

At the commencement date, as a manufacturer or dealer the Company recognises the following for each of its finance leases:

(a) revenue being the fair value of the underlying asset, or, if lower, the present value of the lease payments accruing to the lessor, discounted using a market rate of interest; (b) the cost of sale being the cost, or carrying amount if different, of the underlying asset less the present value of the unguaranteed residual value; and

(c) selling profit or loss (being the difference between revenue and the cost of sale) in accordance with its policy for outright sales to which Ind AS 115 applies.

The company also recognise selling profit or loss on a finance lease at the commencement date, regardless of whether the company transfers the underlying asset as described in Ind AS 115.

The company as a manufacturer or dealer lessor recognises as an expense costs incurred in connection with obtaining a finance lease at the commencement date because they are mainly related to earning the manufacturer or dealer''s selling profit. Costs incurred by the company in connection with obtaining a finance lease are excluded from the definition of initial direct costs and, thus, are excluded from the net investment in the lease.

Subsequent measurement:

The company recognises finance income over the lease term, based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on the lessor''s net investment in the lease.

The finance income is allocated over the lease term on

a systematic and rational basis. The company applies the lease payments relating to the period against the gross investment in the lease to reduce both the principal and the unearned finance income. The company applies the derecognition and impairment requirements in Ind AS 109 to the net investment in the lease. The company reviews regularly estimated unguaranteed residual values used in computing the gross investment in the lease. If there has been a reduction in the estimated unguaranteed residual value, the company revises the income allocation over the lease term and recognises immediately any reduction in respect of amounts accrued.

3.5 Foreign currencies

The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees, which is also the functional currency of the Company. In preparing the financial statements of the Company, transactions in currencies other than the Company''s functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognised at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions.

At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date.

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the foreign operation at the functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. In respect of foreign operation, the assets and liabilities are translated into INR at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and their statement of profit and loss at the rates prevailing on the date of the transactions. However, for practical reasons, the Company uses an average rate to translate the income and expense items, if the average approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction.

Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognised in the Statement of profit or loss with the exception of the following:

• Exchange differences arising on monetary items that forms part of a reporting entity''s net investment in a foreign operation are initially recognised in the financial statements of the Company in the other comprehensive income.

These exchange differences are reclassified from equity (Foreign currency translation reserve) to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment.

• Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those monetary items are also recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI).

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.

Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognised in OCI or profit or loss are also recognised in OCI or profit or loss, respectively).

3.6 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

All other borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

3.7 Government grants

Government grants are not recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them and that the grants will be received. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognised as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed.

When the Company receives grant of non-monetary assets, the asset and the grant are recorded at fair value amounts and released to the statement of profit and loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption of the benefit of the underlying asset, i.e., by equal annual instalments.

In the case of Export Promotion Capital Goods (''EPCG'') grant, the Company recognise the grant in the statement of profit and loss on a systematic basis over the useful life of the assets.

3.8 Retirement and other employee benefits Provident fund

(i) The Company operates a scheme of provident fund for eligible employees, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the employee and the Company make monthly contributions to

the provident fund plan equal to a specified percentage of the covered employee''s salary. The Company contributes a part of the contributions to the "Eicher Executive Provident Fund Trust".

The rate at which the annual interest is payable to the beneficiaries by the trust is being administered by the Government. The Company has an obligation to make good the shortfall, if any, between the return from the investments of the trust and the notified interest rate.

The cost of providing benefits under above mentioned defined benefit plan is determined using the projected unit credit method with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.

(ii) The employees, who are not covered under the scheme stated in 3.8 (i) above, are covered in

a defined contribution scheme wherein their portion of provident fund is contributed to the government administered provident fund. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as expenditure, when an employee renders the related service.

Gratuity

The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan, which requires contributions to be made to a separately administered fund.

For defined benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of

each annual reporting period.

Re-measurements, comprising actuarial gains and losses and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Re-measurements recognised in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and is not reclassified to profit or loss. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

Defined benefit costs are categorised as follows:

• service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses or curtailments and settlements);

• net interest expense or income; and

• re-measurement

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

The Company presents the first two components of defined benefit costs in profit or loss in the line item ''Employee benefits expense''.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or surplus in the Company''s defined benefit plans. Any surplus resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plans.

Short-term and other long-term employee benefits

A liability is recognised for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of short-term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of other long-term employee benefits such as annual leave and sick leave are measured at the present value of the estimated

future cash outflows expected to be made by the Company in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date.

3.9 Share-based payment arrangements

Employees (including senior executives) of the Company receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (equity-settled transactions).

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. Details regarding the determination of the fair value of equity-settled share-based transactions are set out in note no. 49.

That cost is recognised, together with a corresponding increase in share-based payment (SBP) reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and/ or service conditions are fulfilled in employee benefits expense. The cumulative expense recognised for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Company''s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The statement of profit and loss expense or credit for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognised as at the beginning and end of that period and is recognised in employee benefits expense.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

3.10 Taxation

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from profit before tax'' as reported in the statement of profit and loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company''s current tax is calculated using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:

• When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

• In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:

• When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

• In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries,

associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Current and deferred tax for the year

Current and deferred tax are recognised in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

3.11 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment (including furniture, fixtures, vehicles, etc.) held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost of acquisition is inclusive of freight, duties, taxes and other incidental expenses. When significant parts of plant and equipment are

required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Freehold land is not depreciated.

Capital work in progress is stated at cost, net of impairment loss, if any. Cost includes items directly attributable to the construction or acquisition of the item of property, plant and equipment, and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalised in accordance with the Company''s accounting policy. Such properties are classified to the appropriate categories of property, plant and equipment when completed and ready for intended use. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives, using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Depreciation is charged on a pro-rata basis at the straight line method over estimated economic useful lives of its property, plant and equipment generally in accordance with that provided in the Schedule II to the Act as provided below and except in respect of moulds and dies which are depreciated over their estimated useful life of 1 to 7 years, wherein, the life of the said assets has been assessed based on technical advice, taking into account the nature of the asset, the estimated usage of the asset, the operating conditions of the asset, past history of replacement, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers warranties and maintenance support, etc.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in profit or loss. The useful lives for various property, plant and equipment are given below:

Particulars

Useful life (in years)

Buildings

30-60

Plant and equipment

5-15

Furniture and fixtures

10

Office equipment

5

Vehicles

5

As part of transition from the previous GAAP, the Company had elected to continue with the carrying value for all of its property, plant and equipment and intangible assets recognised in the previous GAAP as deemed cost at the transition date.

3.12 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately and intangible assets not yet available for use are not amortised, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cashgenerating unit level.

Internally-generated intangible assets - research and development expenditure

Expenditure on research activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.

An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognised if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

• the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale

• the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

• the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

• how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

• the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

• the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The amount initially recognised for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally-generated intangible asset can be recognised, development expenditure is recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

Derecognition of intangible assets

An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, and are recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised.

Useful lives of intangible assets

Intangible assets comprising of product design, prototypes, etc., either acquired or internally developed are amortised over a period of 5 to 10 years, the estimated minimum useful life of the related products. Cost of software is amortised over a period of 3 years or less depending on the estimated useful life of asset. The useful lives for intangible assets are given below:

Product designs, prototypes, etc. 5 to 10

Computer software 3

3.13 Impairment of non-financial assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company assesses, whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any).

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use.

When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash- generating unit to which the asset belongs. When a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cashgenerating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company''s cash generating unit (CGU).

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cashgenerating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cashgenerating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss. When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a cashgenerating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments

of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

3.14 Investment property

Investment property is a property held to earn rentals and capital appreciation. Investment property is measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment property is measured in accordance with Ind AS 16''s requirements for cost model. The Company depreciates building component of investment property over 30 years from the date of capitalisation.

Investment properties are derecognised either when they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. The difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognised in profit or loss in the period of derecognition.

3.15 Inventories

Inventories comprising Raw materials, work-inprogress, stores and spares, loose tools, traded goods and finished goods are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to its present location. Cost of inventories is determined on a moving average.

Finished goods and work-in-progress include appropriate proportion of manufacturing overheads at normal capacity and where applicable, duty. Net realisable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.

3.16 Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. When a provision is

measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows (when the effect of the time value of money is material).

Warranties

The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failures. The timing of outflows will vary as and when warranty claim will arise.

An onerous contract is a contract under which the unavoidable costs (i.e., the costs that the Company cannot avoid because it has the contract) of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The unavoidable costs under a contract reflect the least net cost of exiting from the contract, which is the lower of the cost of fulfilling it and any compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfil it. The cost of fulfilling a contract comprises the costs that relate directly to the contract (i.e., both incremental costs and an allocation of costs directly related to contract activities).

3.17 Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in profit or loss.

3.18 Financial assets

All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortised cost or fair value through profit and loss or fair value through other comprehensive income, depending on the classification of the financial assets.

Classification of financial assets

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions

are subsequently measured at amortised cost (except for debt instruments that are designated at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

• the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

• the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions

are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income ("FVTOCI") (except for debt instruments that are designated at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

• the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

• the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Interest income is recognised in profit or loss for FVTOCI debt instruments.

All other financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value.

Effective interest method

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected

life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Income is recognised on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified at FVTPL. Interest income is recognised in profit or loss and is included in the ""Other income"" line item.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Investments in equity instruments are classified at FVTPL, unless the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income for investments in equity instruments which are not held for trading.

Debt instruments that do not meet the amortised cost criteria or FVTOCI criteria are measured at FVTPL. In addition, debt instruments that meet the amortised cost criteria or the FVTOCI criteria but are designated at FVTPL are measured at FVTPL.

A financial asset that meets the amortised cost criteria or debt instruments that meet the FVTOCI criteria may be designated at FVTPL upon initial recognition if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on re-measurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset and is included in the ''Other income'' line item. Dividend on financial assets at FVTPL is recognised when the Company''s right to receive the dividends is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the entity, the dividend does not represent a recovery of part of cost of the investment and the amount of dividend can be measured reliably.

Investments in subsidiaries and joint ventures are carried at cost in the separate financial statements.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company applies the expected credit loss model

for recognising impairment loss on financial assets measured at amortised cost, debt instruments at FVTOCI, trade receivables, other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset, and financial guarantees not designated at FVTPL.

The Company measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition.

Further, for the purpose of measuring lifetime expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient as permitted under Ind AS 109. This expected credit loss allowance is computed based on historical credit loss experience and adjustments for forward looking information.

Derecognition of financial assets

"The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party.

3.19 Financial liabilities and equity instruments Classification as financial liability or equity

Debt and equity instruments issued by Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term.

Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognised in the profit or loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in the other comprehensive income. These gains/ loss are not subsequently transferred to P&L. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortised cost are determined based on the effective interest method. Interest expense that is not capitalised as part of cost of an asset is included in the ''Finance costs'' line item.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability.

All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company''s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.

3.20 Derivative instruments and hedge accounting

Initial recognition and subsequent measurement

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts to hedge its foreign currency risks. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.

Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value


Mar 31, 2021

1. CORPORATE INFORMATION

Eicher Motors Limited ("the Company") is a public company domiciled and incorporated in India under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956. The Company is engaged in the manufacturing and selling of motorcycles, spare parts and related services. The Company has its registered office at New Delhi, India and its corporate office at Gurugram, Haryana, India.

The Company has its equity shares listed on the BSE Limited and National Stock Exchange of India Limited. The standalone financial statements were authorized for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on May 27, 2021.

2. BASIS OF PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION

2.1 Statement of Compliance

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as amended from time to time) and the presentation requirements of Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013, (Ind AS compliant Schedule III), as applicable to the financial statements.

2.2 Accounting convention

The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange of goods and services. The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees and all values are rounded to the nearest two decimals of crore, except otherwise indicated.

2.3 Operating cycle

Based on the nature of products/ activities of the Company and the normal time between acquisition of assets and their realization in cash or cash equivalents, the Company has determined its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of classification of its assets and liabilities as current and non-current.

3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

3.1 Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet on current / non-current

classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

♦ Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

♦ Held primarily for the purpose of trading

♦ Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or

♦ Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

♦ It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

♦ It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

♦ It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

♦ There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Company classifies all other liabilities as noncurrent.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

3.2 Fair Value Measurement

The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

♦ In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

♦ In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions, that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant''s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

♦ Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

♦ Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

♦ Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by reassessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

External valuers are involved for valuation of significant assets, such as properties and unquoted financial assets, and significant liabilities, such as contingent consideration. Involvement of external valuers is decided upon annually by the Company.

Selection criteria include market knowledge, reputation, independence and whether professional standards are maintained. The Company decides, after discussions with the Company''s external valuers, which valuation techniques and inputs to use for each case.

At each reporting date, the Company analyses the movements in the values of assets and liabilities which are required to be re-measured or reassessed as per the Company''s accounting policies. For this analysis, the Company verifies the major inputs applied in the latest valuation by agreeing the information in the valuation computation to contracts and other relevant documents.

The Company also compares the change in the fair value of each asset and liability with relevant external sources to determine whether the change is reasonable.

3.3 Revenue from contract with customers

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company has generally concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, except for the agency services below, because it typically controls the goods or services before transferring them to the customer.

Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the goods.

The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g., warranties, Road Side Assistance (RSA), Free Service Coupons (FSC), etc.). In determining the transaction price for the sale of goods, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, non-cash consideration, and consideration payable to the customer (if any).

Variable consideration

If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods to the customer. The variable consideration is estimated at contract inception and constrained until it is highly probable that a significant revenue reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the associated uncertainty with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Some contracts for the sale of traded goods provide customers with a right of return for which, the consideration is estimated based on goods expected to be returned. The rights of return give rise to variable consideration. For goods that are expected to be returned, instead of revenue, the Company recognises a refund liability.

Warranty obligations

The Company typically provides warranties for general repairs of defects that existed at the time of sale, as required by law. These assurance-type warranties are accounted for under Ind AS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Refer to the accounting policy on warranty provisions in section 3.16 Provisions.

The Company provides a one to two year warranty beyond fixing defects that existed at the time of sale. These service-type warranties are sold either separately or bundled together with the sale of goods. Contracts for bundled sales of goods and a service-type warranty comprise two performance obligations because the promises to transfer the goods and to provide the service-type warranty are capable of being distinct. Using the relative stand-alone selling price method, a portion of the transaction price is allocated to the service-type warranty and recognised as a contract liability. Revenue is recognised on the service-type warranty to the extent of actual cost incurred on rendering the warranty service.

Agency services

In contracts where the Company acts as an agent, the revenue is recorded at the net amount that the Company retains for its agency services.

Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Company''s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional

(i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section 3.17 Financial instruments - initial recognition and subsequent measurement.

Contract liabilities

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company performs under the contract.

Dividend and interest income

Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder''s right to receive payment has been established.

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on, time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset''s net carrying amount on initial recognition.

3.4 Leases

The Company assesses at the contract inception, whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

As a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

i) Right-of-use assets

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e.,

the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

Buildings

2 to 25 years

Land

99 years

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset.

The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in section 3.13 Impairment of non-financial assets.

ii) Lease Liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term.

The lease payments include fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless they are incurred to produce inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental

borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

iii) Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases of buildings and others (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). Lease payments on shortterm leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

As a lessor

Leases in which the Company transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an underlying asset are classified as finance leases.

Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income arising is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

In case of finance lease, as a lessor, the company recognises, at the commencement date, assets held under a finance lease in its balance sheet and present them as a receivable at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease. Interest rate implicit is used to measure the net investment in the lease. Initial direct costs, other than those incurred by the company, are included in the initial

measurement of the net investment in the lease and reduce the amount of income recognised over the lease term. The interest rate implicit in the lease is arrived in such a way that the initial direct costs are included automatically in the net investment in the lease.

At the commencement date, the lease payments included in the measurement of the net investment in the lease comprise the following payments for the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term that are not received at the commencement date:

(a) fixed payments less any lease incentives payable, (b) variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date; (c) any residual value guarantees provided to the lessor by the lessee, a party related to the lessee or a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee, (d) the exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option and (e) payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease.

At the commencement date, as a manufacturer or dealer the Company recognises the following for each of its finance leases:

(a) revenue being the fair value of the underlying asset, or, if lower, the present value of the lease payments accruing to the lessor, discounted using a market rate of interest; (b) the cost of sale being the cost, or carrying amount if different, of the underlying asset less the present value of the unguaranteed residual value; and (c) selling profit or loss (being the difference between revenue and the cost of sale) in accordance with its policy for outright sales to which Ind AS 115 applies. The company also recognise selling profit or loss on a finance lease at the commencement date, regardless of whether the company transfers the underlying asset as described in Ind AS 115.

The company as a manufacturer or dealer lessor recognises as an expense costs incurred in connection with obtaining a finance lease at the commencement date because they are mainly related to earning the manufacturer or dealer''s

selling profit. Costs incurred by the company in connection with obtaining a finance lease are excluded from the definition of initial direct costs and, thus, are excluded from the net investment in the lease.

Subsequent measurement:

The company recognises finance income over the lease term, based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on the lessor''s net investment in the lease.

The finance income is allocated over the lease term on a systematic and rational basis. The company applies the lease payments relating to the period against the gross investment in the lease to reduce both the principal and the unearned finance income. The company applies the derecognition and impairment requirements in Ind AS 109 to the net investment in the lease. The company reviews regularly estimated unguaranteed residual values used in computing the gross investment in the lease. If there has been a reduction in the estimated unguaranteed residual value, the company revises the income allocation over the lease term and recognises immediately any reduction in respect of amounts accrued.

3.5 Foreign currencies

The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees, which is also the functional currency of the Company. In preparing the financial statements of the Company, transactions in currencies other than the Company''s functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognised at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions.

At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date.

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the foreign operation at the functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. In respect of foreign operation, the assets and liabilities are translated into INR at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and their statement of profit and loss at the rates prevailing on the date of the transactions. However, for practical reasons, the Company uses an average rate to translate the income and expense items, if the average approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction.

Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognised in the Statement of profit or loss with the exception of the following:

♦ Exchange differences arising on monetary items that forms part of a reporting entity''s net investment in a foreign operation are initially recognised in the financial statements of the Company in the other comprehensive income. These exchange differences are reclassified from equity (Foreign currency translation reserve) to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment.

♦ Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those monetary items are also recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI).

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.

Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of nonmonetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognised in OCI or profit or loss are also recognised in OCI or profit or loss, respectively).

3.6 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

All other borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

3.7 Government grants

Government grants are not recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them and that the grants will be received. When the grant relates to

systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed.

When the Company receives grant of nonmonetary assets, the asset and the grant are recorded at fair value amounts and released to the statement of profit and loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption of the benefit of the underlying asset, i.e., by equal annual instalments.

In the case of Export Promotion Capital Goods (''EPCG'') grant, the Company recognise the grant in the statement of profit and loss on a systematic basis over the useful life of the assets.

3.8 Retirement and other employee benefits Provident fund

(i) The Company operates a scheme of provident fund for eligible employees, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the employee and the Company make monthly contributions to

the provident fund plan equal to a specified percentage of the covered employee''s salary. The Company contributes a part of the contributions to the "Eicher Executive Provident Fund Trust". The rate at which the annual interest is payable to the beneficiaries by the trust is being administered by the Government. The Company has an obligation to make good the shortfall, if any, between the return from the investments of the trust and the notified interest rate.

The cost of providing benefits under above mentioned defined benefit plan is determined using the projected unit credit method with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.

(ii) The employees, who are not covered under the scheme stated in 3.8 (i) above, are covered in a defined contribution scheme wherein their portion of provident fund is contributed to the government administered provident fund. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund.

The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as expenditure, when an employee renders the related service.

Gratuity

The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan, which requires contributions to be made to a separately administered fund.

For defined benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period.

Re-measurements, comprising actuarial gains and losses and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Re-measurements recognised in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and is not reclassified to profit or loss. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

Defined benefit costs are categorised as follows:

• service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses or curtailments and settlements);

• net interest expense or income; and

• re-measurement

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

The Company presents the first two components of defined benefit costs in profit or loss in the line item ''Employee benefits expense''.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or surplus in the Company''s defined benefit plans. Any surplus resulting from this

calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plans.

Short-term and other long-term employee benefits

A liability is recognised for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of shortterm employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of other longterm employee benefits such as annual leave and sick leave are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows expected to be made by the Company in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date.

3.9 Share-based payment arrangements

Employees (including senior executives) of the Company receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (equity-settled transactions).

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. Details regarding the determination of the fair value of equity-settled share-based transactions are set out in note no. 48.

That cost is recognised, together with a corresponding increase in share-based payment (SBP) reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled in employee benefits expense. The cumulative expense recognised for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Company''s best estimate of the number of equity instruments

that will ultimately vest. The statement of profit and loss expense or credit for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognised as at the beginning and end of that period and is recognised in employee benefits expense.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

3.10 Taxation

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from profit before tax'' as reported in the statement of profit and loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company''s current tax is calculated using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:

• When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

• In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:

♦ When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset

or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

♦ In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would

Particulars

Useful life (in years)

Buildings

30-60

Plant and equipment

5-15

Furniture and fixtures

10

Office equipment

5

Vehicles

5

follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Current and deferred tax for the year

Current and deferred tax are recognised in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

3.11 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment (including furniture, fixtures, vehicles, etc.) held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost of acquisition is inclusive of freight, duties, taxes and other incidental expenses. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Freehold land is not depreciated.

Capital work in progress is stated at cost, net of impairment loss, if any. Cost includes items directly attributable to the construction or acquisition of the item of property, plant and equipment, and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalised in accordance with the Company''s accounting policy. Such properties are classified to the appropriate categories of property, plant and equipment when completed and ready for intended use. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives, using the straightline method. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Depreciation is charged on a pro-rata basis at the straight line method over estimated economic

useful lives of its property, plant and equipment generally in accordance with that provided in the Schedule II to the Act as provided below and except in respect of moulds and dies which are depreciated over their estimated useful life of 1 to 7 years, wherein, the life of the said assets has been assessed based on technical advice, taking into account the nature of the asset, the estimated usage of the asset, the operating conditions of the asset, past history of replacement, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers warranties and maintenance support, etc.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in profit or loss. The useful lives for various property, plant and equipment are given below:

As part of transition from the previous GAAP, the Company had elected to continue with the carrying value for all of its property, plant and equipment and intangible assets recognised in the previous GAAP as deemed cost at the transition date.

3.12 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are

acquired separately and intangible assets not yet available for use are not amortised, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level.

Internally-generated intangible assets - research and development expenditure

Expenditure on research activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.

An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognised if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

• the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale

• the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

• the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

• how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

• the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

• the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The amount initially recognised for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally-generated intangible asset can be recognised, development expenditure is recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

Derecognition of intangible assets

An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, and are recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised.

Useful lives of intangible assets

Intangible assets comprising of product design, prototypes, etc., either acquired or internally developed are amortised over a period of 5 to 10 years, the estimated minimum useful life of the related products. Cost of software is amortised over a period of 3 years or less depending on the estimated useful life of asset. The useful lives for intangible assets are given below:

Particulars

Useful life (in years)

Product designs,

5 to 10

prototypes, etc.

Computer software

3

3.13 Impairment of non-financial assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company assesses, whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use.

When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cashgenerating unit to which the asset belongs. When a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company''s cash generating unit (CGU).

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cashgenerating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss. When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

3.14 Investment property

Investment property is a property held to earn rentals and capital appreciation. Investment property is measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment property is measured in accordance with Ind AS 16''s requirements for cost model. The Company depreciates building component of investment property over 30 years from the date of capitalisation.

Investment properties are derecognised either when they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. The difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognised in profit or loss in the period of derecognition.

3.15 Inventories

Inventories comprising Raw materials, work-inprogress, stores and spares, loose tools, traded goods and finished goods are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to its present location. Cost of inventories is determined on a moving average.

Finished goods and work-in-progress include appropriate proportion of manufacturing overheads at normal capacity and where applicable, duty. Net realisable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.

3.16 Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation.

When a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows (when the effect of the time value of money is material).

Warranties

The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failures. The timing of outflows will vary as and when warranty claim will arise.

3.17 Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in profit or loss.

3.18 Financial assets

All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortised cost or fair value through profit and loss or fair value through other comprehensive income, depending on the classification of the financial assets.

Classification of financial assets

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortised cost (except for debt instruments that are designated at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

• the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

• the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income ("FVTOCI") (except for debt instruments that are designated at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

• the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

• the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Interest income is recognised in profit or loss for FVTOCI debt instruments.

All other financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value.

Effective interest method

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Income is recognised on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified at FVTPL. Interest income is recognised in profit or loss and is included in the ""Other income"" line item.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Investments in equity instruments are classified at FVTPL, unless the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income for investments in equity instruments which are not held for trading.

Debt instruments that do not meet the amortised cost criteria or FVTOCI criteria are measured at FVTPL. In addition, debt instruments that meet the amortised cost criteria or the FVTOCI criteria but are designated at FVTPL are measured at FVTPL.

A financial asset that meets the amortised cost criteria or debt instruments that meet the FVTOCI criteria may be designated at FVTPL upon initial recognition if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on re-measurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset and is included in the ''Other income'' line item. Dividend on financial assets at FVTPL is recognised when the Company''s

right to receive the dividends is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the entity, the dividend does not represent a recovery of part of cost of the investment and the amount of dividend can be measured reliably.

Investments in subsidiaries and joint ventures are carried at cost in the separate financial statements.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company applies the expected credit loss model for recognising impairment loss on financial assets measured at amortised cost, debt instruments at FVTOCI, trade receivables, other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset, and financial guarantees not designated at FVTPL.

The Company measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition.

Further, for the purpose of measuring lifetime expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient as permitted under Ind AS 109. This expected credit loss allowance is computed based on historical credit loss experience and adjustments for forward looking information.

Derecognition of financial assets

"The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party.

n

.19 Financial liabilities and equity instruments Classification as financial liability or equity

Debt and equity instruments issued by Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term.

Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognised in the profit or loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied.

For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in the other comprehensive income. These gains/ loss are not subsequently transferred to P&L. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortised cost are determined based on the effective interest method. Interest expense that is not capitalised as part of cost of an asset is included in the ''Finance costs'' line item.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability.

All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company''s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.

3.20Cash and cash equivalent

Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and shortterm deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company''s cash management.

3.21 Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit / (loss)


Mar 31, 2019

1.1 Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet on current / non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

- Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

- Held primarily for the purpose of trading

- Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or

- Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

- It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

- It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

- It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

- There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Company classifies all other liabilities as noncurrent.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

1.2 Revenue from contract with customer

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company has generally concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, except for the agency services below, because it typically controls the goods or services before transferring them to the customer.

Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the goods.

The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g., warranties, Road Side Assistance, Free Service Coupons, etc.). In determining the transaction price for the sale of goods, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, non-cash consideration, and consideration payable to the customer (if any).

Variable consideration

If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods to the customer. The variable consideration is estimated at contract inception and constrained until it is highly probable that a significant revenue reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the associated uncertainty with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Some contracts for the sale of traded goods provide customers with a right of return for which, the consideration is estimated based on goods expected to be returned. The rights of return give rise to variable consideration. For goods that are expected to be returned, instead of revenue, the Company recognises a refund liability.

Warranty obligations

The Company typically provides warranties for general repairs of defects that existed at the time of sale, as required by law. These assurance-type warranties are accounted for under Ind AS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Refer to the accounting policy on warranty provisions in section 3.15 Provisions.

The Company provides a one or two-year warranty beyond fixing defects that existed at the time of sale. These service-type warranties are sold either separately or bundled together with the sale of goods. Contracts for bundled sales of goods and a service-type warranty comprise two performance obligations because the promises to transfer the goods and to provide the service-type warranty are capable of being distinct. Using the relative stand-alone selling price method, a portion of the transaction price is allocated to the service-type warranty and recognised as a contract liability. Revenue is recognised over the period in which the service-type warranty is provided based on the time elapsed.

Agency services

In contracts where the Company acts as an agent, the revenue is recorded at the net amount that the Company retains for its agency services.

Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Company’s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section 3.16 Financial instruments — initial recognition and subsequent measurement.

Contract liabilities

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company performs under the contract.

Dividend and interest income

Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder’s right to receive payment has been established.

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on, time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset’s net carrying amount on initial recognition.

1.3 Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is (or contains) a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially, all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

As a lessee

Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight line basis over the period of the lease in a manner which is representative of the time pattern in which benefit derived from the use of the leased asset is diminished.

As a lessor

The Company has leased out certain assets and such leases where the Company has substantially retained all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as operating leases. Lease income on such operating leases are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight line basis over the lease term in a manner which is representative of the time pattern in which benefit derived from the use of the leased asset is diminished. Initial direct costs are recognised as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.

1.4 Foreign currencies

IThe financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees, which is also the functional currency of the Company. In preparing the financial statements of the Company, transactions in currencies other than the Company’s functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognised at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions.

At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date.

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the foreign operation at the functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. In respect of foreign operation, the assets and liabilities are translated into INR at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and their statement of profit and loss at the rates prevailing on the date of the transactions. However, for practical reasons, the Company uses an average rate to translate the income and expense items, if the average approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction.

Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognised in the Statement of profit or loss with the exception of the following:

Exchange differences arising on monetary items that forms part of a reporting entity’s net investment in a foreign operation are initially recognised in the financial statements of the Company in the other comprehensive income. These exchange differences are reclassified from equity (Foreign currency translation reserve) to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment.

Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those monetary items are also recorded in OCI.

1.5 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the’ acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

All other borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

1.6 Government grants

Government grants are not recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them and that the grants will be received. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognised as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed.

When the Company receives grant of nonmonetary assets, the asset and the grant are recorded at fair value amounts and released to the statement of profit and loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption of the benefit of the underlying asset, i.e., by equal annual instalments.

In the case of Export Promotion Capital Goods (‘EPCG’) grant, the Company recognise the grant in the statement of profit and loss on a systematic basis over the useful life of the assets.

1.7 Retirement and other employee benefits Provident fund

(i) The Company operates a scheme of provident fund for eligible employees, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the employee and the Company make monthly contributions to the provident fund plan egual to a specified percentage of the covered employee’s salary. The Company contributes a part of the contributions to the “Eicher Executive Provident Fund Trust”. The rate at which the annual interest is payable to the beneficiaries by the trust is being administered by the Government. The Company has an obligation to make good the shortfall, if any, between the return from the investments of the trust and the notified interest rate.

The cost of providing benefits under above mentioned defined benefit plan is determined using the projected unit credit method with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.

(ii) The employees, who are not covered under the scheme stated in 3.7 (i) above, are covered in a defined contribution scheme wherein their portion of provident fund is contributed to the government administered provident fund. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund.

The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as expenditure, when an employee renders the related service.

Gratuity

The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan, which requires contributions to be made to a separately administered fund.

For defined benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period.

Re-measurements, comprising actuarial gains and losses and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Re-measurements recognised in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and is not reclassified to profit or loss. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

Defined benefit costs are categorised as follows:

- service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses or curtailments and settlements);

- net interest expense or income; and

- re-measurement

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

The Company presents the first two components of defined benefit costs in profit or loss in the line item ‘Employee benefits expense’.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or surplus in the Company’s defined benefit plans.

Any surplus resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plans.

Short-term and other long-term employee benefits

A liability is recognised for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of shortterm employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of other longterm employee benefits such as annual leave and sick leave are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows expected to be made by the Company in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date.

1.8 Share-based payment arrangements

Employees (including senior executives) of the Company receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (equity-settled transactions).

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. Details regarding the determination of the fair value of equity-settled share-based transactions are set out in note no. 48.

That cost is recognised, together with a corresponding increase in share-based payment (SBP) reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled in employee benefits expense. The cumulative expense recognised for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Company’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The statement of profit and loss expense or credit for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognised as at the beginning and end of that period and is recognised in employee benefits expense.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

1.9 Taxation

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from profit before tax as reported in the statement of profit and loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company’s current tax is calculated using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:

- When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

- In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests injoint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:

- When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

- In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests injoint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Current and deferred tax for the year

Current and deferred tax are recognised in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

1.10 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment (including furniture, fixtures, vehicles, etc.) held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost of acquisition is inclusive of freight, duties, taxes and other incidental expenses. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Freehold land is not depreciated.

Properties in the course of construction for production, supply or administrative purposes are carried at cost, less any recognised impairment loss. Cost includes items directly attributable to the construction or acquisition of the item of property, plant and equipment, and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalised in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy. Such properties are classified to the appropriate categories of property, plant and equipment when completed and ready for intended use. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives, using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Depreciation is charged on a pro-rata basis at the straight line method over estimated economic useful lives of its property, plant and equipment generally in accordance with that provided in the Schedule II to the Act as provided below and except in respect of moulds and dies which are depreciated over their estimated useful life of 1 to 7 years, wherein, the life of the said assets has been assessed based on technical advice, taking into account the nature of the asset, the estimated usage of the asset, the operating conditions of the asset, past history of replacement, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers warranties and maintenance support, etc.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in profit or loss. The useful lives for various property, plant and equipment are given below:

As part of transition from the previous GAAP, the Company had elected to continue with the carrying value for all of its property, plant and equipment and intangible assets recognised in the previous GAAP as deemed cost at the transition date.

1.11 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately and intangible assets not yet available for use are not amortised, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level.

Internally-generated intangible assets -research and development expenditure

Expenditure on research activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.

An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognised if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

- the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale

- the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

- the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

- how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

- the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

- the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The amount initially recognised for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally-generated intangible asset can be recognised, development expenditure is recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

Derecognition of intangible assets

An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, and are recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised.

Useful lives of intangible assets

Intangible assets comprising of product design, prototypes, etc., either acquired or internally developed are amortised over a period of 5 to 10 years, the estimated minimum useful life of the related products. Cost of software is amortised over a period of 3 years or less depending on the estimated useful life of asset. The useful lives for intangible assets are given below:

1.12 Impairment of non-financial assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company assesses, whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use.

When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. When a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company’s cash generating unit (CGU).

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss. When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

1.13 Investment property

Investment property is a property held to earn rentals and capital appreciation. Investment property is measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment property is measured in accordance with Ind AS 16’s requirements for cost model. The Company depreciates building component of investment property over 30 years from the date of capitalisation.

Investment properties are derecognised either when they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. The difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognised in profit or loss in the period of derecognition.

1.14 Inventories

Inventories comprising Raw materials, work-in-progress, stores and spares, loose tools, traded goods and finished goods are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to its present location. Cost of inventories is determined on a moving average.

Finished goods and work-in-progress include appropriate proportion of manufacturing overheads at normal capacity and where applicable, duty. Net realisable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.

1.15 Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. When a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows (when the effect of the time value of money is material).

Warranties

The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failures. The timing of outflows will vary as and when warranty claim will arise.

1.16 Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in profit or loss.

1.17 Financial assets

All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortised cost or fair value through profit and loss or fair value through other comprehensive income, depending on the classification of the financial assets.

Classification of financial assets

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortised cost (except for debt instruments that are designated at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

- the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

- the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”) (except for debt instruments that are designated at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

- the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

- the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Interest income is recognised in profit or loss for FVTOCI debt instruments.

All other financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value.

Effective interest method

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Income is recognised on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified at FVTPL. Interest income is recognised in profit or loss and is included in the “Other income” line item.

Financial assets at fair value through protit or loss (FVTPL)

Investments in equity instruments are classified at FVTPL, unless the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income for investments in equity instruments which are not held for trading.

Debt instruments that do not meet the amortised cost criteria or FVTOCI criteria are measured at FVTPL. In addition, debt instruments that meet the amortised cost criteria or the FVTOCI criteria but are designated at FVTPL are measured at FVTPL.

A financial asset that meets the amortised cost criteria or debt instruments that meet the FVTOCI criteria may be designated at FVTPL upon initial recognition if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on re-measurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset and is included in the ‘Other income’ line item. Dividend on financial assets at FVTPL is recognised when the Company’s right to receive the dividends is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the entity, the dividend does not represent a recovery of part of cost of the investment and the amount of dividend can be measured reliably.

Investments in subsidiaries andjoint ventures are carried at cost in the separate financial statements.

Impairment of tinancial assets

The Company applies the expected credit loss model for recognising impairment loss on financial assets measured at amortised cost, debt instruments at FVTOCI, trade receivables, other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset, and financial guarantees not designated at FVTPL.

The Company measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition.

Further, for the purpose of measuring lifetime expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient as permitted under Ind AS 109. This expected credit loss allowance is computed based on historical credit loss experience and adjustments for forward looking information.

Derecognition of tinancial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party.

1.18 Financial liabilities and equity instruments Classification as financial liability or equity

Debt and equity instruments issued by Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term.

Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognised in the profit or loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied.

For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in the other comprehensive income. These gains/ loss are not subsequently transferred to PtL. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortised cost are determined based on the effective interest method. Interest expense that is not capitalised as part of cost of an asset is included in the ‘Finance costs’ line item.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability.

All financial liabilities are subseguently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.

1.19 Cash and cash equivalent

Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and shortterm deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and shortterm deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company’s cash management.

1.20 Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit / (loss) before tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated based on the available information.

1.21 Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax as adjusted for dividend, interest and other charges to expense or income relating to the dilutive potential equity shares, by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and the weighted average number of equity shares which could have been issued on the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.

1.22Changes in accounting policies and disclosures

Ind AS 115 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Ind AS 115 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, mandatory for reporting periods beginning on or after April 1, 2018, replaces existing revenue recognition requirements. The Company has applied modified retrospective approach in adopting the new standard. Under the modified retrospective approach, there are no significant adjustments required to the retained earnings at April 1, 2018. Also, the application of Ind AS 115 does not have any significant impact on recognition and measurement of revenue and related items in the standalone financial statements.

Appendix B to Ind AS 21 Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Considerations

The appendix clarifies that, in determining the spot exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income (or part of it) on the derecognition of a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability relating to advance consideration, the date of the transaction is the date on which an entity initially recognises the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the advance consideration. If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, then the entity must determine the date of the transactions for each payment or receipt of advance consideration. This appendix does not have any significant impact on the financial statements.


Mar 31, 2018

1. CORPORATE INFORMATION

Eicher Motors Limited ("the Company") is a public company domiciled and incorporated in India under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956. The Company is engaged in the manufacturing and selling of motorcycles, spare parts and related services. The Company has its registered office at New Delhi, India and its corporate office at Gurugram, Haryana, India.

The Company has its equity shares listed on the BSE Limited and National Stock Exchange of India Limited. The standalone financial statements were authorized for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on May 9, 2018.

2. BASIS OF PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION

2.1 Statement of compliance

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, as amended.

2.2 Accounting convention

The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange of goods and services. The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees and all values are rounded to the nearest crore, except otherwise indicated.

2.3 Operating cycle

Based on the nature of products/activities of the Company and the normal time between acquisition of assets and their realization in cash or cash equivalents, the Company has determined its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of classification of its assets and liabilities as current and non-current.

3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

3.1 Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet on current / non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:

- Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

- Held primarily for the purpose of trading

- Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or

- Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

- It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

- It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

- It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

- There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Company classifies all other liabilities as noncurrent.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

3.2 Revenue recognition

Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Revenue is reduced for rebates and other similar allowances.

Sale of goods

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognized when the goods are dispatched and titles have passed, at which time all the following conditions are satisfied:

- the Company has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods;

- the Company retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold;

- the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;

- it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company; and

- the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.

Dividend and interest income

Dividend income from investments is recognized when the shareholder''s right to receive payment has been established.

Interest income from a financial asset is recognized when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on, time proportion basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset''s net carrying amount on initial recognition.

3.3 Leases

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

As a lessee

Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the less or are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease in a manner which is representative of the time pattern in which benefit derived from the use of the leased asset is diminished.

As a less or

The Company has leased out certain assets and such leases where the Company has substantially retained all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as operating leases. Lease income on such operating leases are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term in a manner which is representative of the time pattern in which benefit derived from the use of the leased asset is diminished. Initial direct costs are recognized as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.

3.4 Foreign currencies

In preparing the financial statements of the Company, transactions in currencies other than the Company''s functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognized at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions.

At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date.

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the foreign operation at the functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. In respect of foreign operation, the assets and liabilities are translated into INR at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and their statement of profit and loss at the rates prevailing on the date of the transactions. However, for practical reasons, the Company uses an average rate to translate the income and expense items, if the average approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction.

Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in the statement of profit or loss with the exception of the following:

Exchange differences arising on monetary items that forms part of a reporting entity''s net investment in a foreign operation are initially recognized in the financial statements of the Company in the other comprehensive income.

These exchange differences are reclassified from equity (Foreign currency translation reserve) to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment.

Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those monetary items are also recorded in OCI.

3.5 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

All other borrowing costs are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

3.6 Government grants

Government grants are not recognized until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them and that the grants will be received. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in equal amounts over the expected useful life of the related asset.

When the Company receives grant of nonmonetary assets, the asset and the grant are recorded at fair value amounts and released to the statement of profit and loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption of the benefit of the underlying asset, i.e., by equal annual installments. When loans or similar assistance are provided by Governments or related institutions, with an interest rate below the current applicable market rate, the effect of this favorable interest is regarded as a Government grant. The loan or assistance is initially recognized and measured at fair value and the Government grant is measured as the difference between the initial carrying value of the loan and the proceeds received. The loan is subsequently measured as per the accounting policy applicable to financial liabilities.

In the case of Export Promotion Capital Goods (''EPCG'') grant, the company recognize the grant in the statement of profit and loss on a systematic basis over the useful life of the assets.

3.7 Employee benefits Provident fund

The Company operates two plans for its employees to provide employee benefits in the nature of provident fund.

Eligible employees receive benefits from a provident fund, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the employee and the Company make monthly contributions to the provident fund plan equal to a specified percentage of the covered employee''s salary. The Company contributes a part of the contributions to the "Eicher Executive Provident Fund Trust". The rate at which the annual interest is payable to the beneficiaries by the trust is being administered by the government. The Company has an obligation to make good the shortfall, if any, between the return from the investments of the trust and the notified interest rate.

The cost of providing benefits under above mentioned defined benefit plan is determined using the projected unit credit method with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.

The employees who are not covered under the above scheme, their portion of provident fund is contributed to the government administered provident fund which is a defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as expenditure, when an employee renders the related service

Gratuity

The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan, which requires contributions to be made to a separately administered fund.

For defined benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period.

Re-measurements, comprising actuarial gains and losses and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognized in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Re-measurements recognized in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and is not reclassified to profit or loss. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

Defined benefit costs are categorized as follows:

- service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses or curtailments and settlements);

- net interest expense or income; and

- re-measurement

The Company presents the first two components of defined benefit costs in profit or loss in the line item ''Employee benefits expense''.

The retirement benefit obligation recognized in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or surplus in the Company''s defined benefit plans.

Any surplus resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plans.

Short-term and other long-term employee benefits

A liability is recognized for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

Liabilities recognized in respect of short-term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.

Liabilities recognized in respect of other long-term employee benefits such as annual leave and sick leave are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows expected to be made by the Company in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date.

3.8 Share-based payment arrangements

Employees (including senior executives) of the Company receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (equity-settled transactions).

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. Details regarding the determination of the fair value of equity-settled share-based transactions are set out in note no. 48.

That cost is recognized, together with a corresponding increase in share-based payment (SBP) reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled in employee benefits expense. The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Company''s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The statement of profit and loss expense or credit for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognized as at the beginning and end of that period and is recognized in employee benefits expense.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

3.9 Taxation

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from profit before tax as reported in the statement of profit and loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company''s current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:

- When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

- In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:

- When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset

or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

- In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.

Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realized, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Current and deferred tax for the year

Current and deferred tax are recognized in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

3.10 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment (including furniture, fixtures, vehicles, etc.) held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost of acquisition is inclusive of freight, duties, taxes and other incidental expenses. Freehold land is not depreciated.

Properties in the course of construction for production, supply or administrative purposes are carried at cost, less any recognized impairment loss. Cost includes items directly attributable to the construction or acquisition of the item of property, plant and equipment, and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalized in accordance with the Company''s accounting policy. Such properties are classified to the appropriate categories of property, plant and equipment when completed and ready for intended use. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as-other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

Depreciation is recognized so as to write off the cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives, using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Depreciation is charged on a pro-rata basis at the straight-line method over estimated economic useful lives of its property, plant and equipment generally in accordance with that provided in the Schedule II to the Act as provided below and except in respect of moulds and dies which are depreciated over their estimated useful life of 1 to 7 years, wherein, the life of the said assets has been assessed based on technical advice, taking

into account the nature of the asset, the estimated usage of the asset, the operating conditions of the asset, past history of replacement, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers warranties and maintenance support, etc.

In the previous year, as part of transition from the previous GAAP, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value for all of its property, plant and equipment and intangible assets recognized in the previous GAAP as deemed cost at the transition date.

3.11 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation is recognized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses.

Internally-generated intangible assets -research and development expenditure

Expenditure on research activities is recognized as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.

An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognized if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

- the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset, so that it will be available for use or sale

- the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

- the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

- how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

- the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

- the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The amount initially recognized for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally-generated intangible asset can be recognized, development expenditure is recognized in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

Derecognition of intangible assets

An intangible asset is derecognized on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, and are recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized.

Useful lives of intangible assets

Intangible assets comprising of product design, prototypes, etc., either acquired or internally

3.12 impairment of non-financial assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company assesses, whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use.

When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. When a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss. When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

3.13 Investment property

Investment property is a property held to earn rentals and capital appreciation. Investment property is measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment property is measured in accordance with Ind AS 16''s requirements for cost model. The Company depreciates building component of investment property over 30 years from the date of capitalisation.

3.14 Inventories

Inventories comprising raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to its present location. Cost of inventories is determined on a moving weighted average.

Finished goods and work-in-progress include appropriate proportion of overheads and where applicable, duty. Net realizable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.

3.15 Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. When a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows (when the effect of the time value of money is material).

Warranties

The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failures. The timing of outflows will vary as and when warranty claim will arise.

3.16 Financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

3.17 Financial assets

All recognized financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortized cost or fair value, depending on the classification of the financial assets.

Classification of financial assets

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortized cost (except for debt instruments that are designated as at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

- the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

- the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income ("FVTOCI") (except for debt instruments that are designated as at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

- the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

- the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Interest income is recognized in profit or loss for FVTOCI debt instruments.

All other financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value.

Effective interest method

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Income is recognized on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified as at FVTPL. Interest income is recognized in profit or loss and is included in the "Other income" line item.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Investments in equity instruments are classified as at FVTPL, unless the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income for investments in equity instruments which are not held for trading.

Debt instruments that do not meet the amortized cost criteria or FVTOCI criteria are measured at FVTPL. In addition, debt instruments that meet the amortized cost criteria or the FVTOCI criteria but are designated as at FVTPL are measured at FVTPL.

A financial asset that meets the amortized cost criteria or debt instruments that meet the FVTOCI criteria may be designated as at FVTPL upon initial recognition if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognizing the gains and losses on them on different bases.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on re-measurement recognized in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognized in profit or loss incorporates any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset and is included in the ''Other income'' line item. Dividend on financial assets at FVTPL is recognized when the company''s right to receive the dividends is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the entity, the dividend does not represent a recovery of part of cost of the investment and the amount of dividend can be measured reliably.

Investment in subsidiaries and joint ventures is carried at cost in the separate financial statements.

impairment of financial assets

The Company applies the expected credit loss model for recognizing impairment loss on financial assets measured at amortized cost, debt instruments at FVTOCI, trade receivables, other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset, and financial guarantees not designated as at FVTPL.

The Company measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increase significantly since initial recognition.

Further, for the purpose of measuring lifetime expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient as permitted under Ind AS 109. This expected credit loss allowance is computed based on historical credit loss experience and adjustments for forward-looking information.

Derecognition of financial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party.

3.18 Financial liabilities and equity instruments Classification as debt or equity

Debt and equity instruments issued by Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term.

Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognized in the profit or loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in the other comprehensive income. These gains/loss are not subsequently transferred to P&L. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortized cost are determined based on the effective interest method. Interest expense that is not capitalized as part of costs of an asset is included in the ''Finance costs'' Line item.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability.

All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

The Company derecognizes financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company''s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.

3.19 Cash and cash equivalent

Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company''s cash management.

3.20Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit / (loss) before tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated based on the available information.

3.21 Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax as adjusted for dividend, interest and other charges to expense or income relating to the dilutive potential equity shares, by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and the weighted average number of equity shares which could have been issued on the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.


Mar 31, 2017

1.1 Revenue recognition

Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Revenue is reduced for rebates and other similar allowances.

Sale of goods

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when the goods are dispatched and titles have passed, at which time all the following conditions are satisfied:

- the Company has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods;

- the Company retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold;

- the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;

- it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company; and

- the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.

Dividend and interest income

Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder’s right to receive payment has been established.

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on, time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset’s net carrying amount on initial recognition.

1.2 Leasing

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Rental income from operating leases is generally recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Where the rentals are structured solely to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the Company’s expected inflationary cost increases, such increases are recognised in the year in which such benefits accrue.

Rental expense from operating leases is generally recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of relevant lease. Where the rentals are structured solely to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the lessor’s expected inflationary cost increase, such increases are recognised in the year in which such benefits accrue. Contingent rentals arising under operating leases are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

1.3 Foreign currencies

In preparing the financial statements of the Company, transactions in currencies other than the company’s functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognised at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not retranslated.

Exchange differences on monetary items are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.

1.4 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

All other borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

1.5 Government grants

Government grants are not recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to them and that the grants will be received.

Government grants are recognised in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Company recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. Specifically, government grants whose primary condition is that the Company should purchase, construct or otherwise acquire non-current assets are recognised as deferred revenue in the balance sheet and transferred to profit or loss on a systematic and rational basis over the useful lives of the related assets.

1.6 Employee benefits Retirement benefit

Payments to defined contribution plans are recognised as an expense when employees have rendered service entitling them to the contributions.

For defined benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period. Re-measurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Re-measurement recognised in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and is not reclassified to profit or loss. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

Defined benefit costs are categorised as follows:

- service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses or curtailments and settlements);

- net interest expense or income; and

- re-measurement

The Company presents the first two components of defined benefit costs in profit or loss in the line item ‘Employee benefits expense’.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or surplus in the Company’s defined benefit plans.

Any surplus resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plans.

Short-term and other long-term employee benefits

A liability is recognised for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of short-term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of other long-term employee benefits such as annual leave and sick leave are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows expected to be made by the Company in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date.

1.7 Share-based payment arrangements

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. Details regarding the determination of the fair value of equity-settled share-based transactions are set out in note no. 47.

The fair value determined at the grant date of the equity-settled share-based payments is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the Company’s estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest, with a corresponding increase in equity. At the end of each reporting period, the Company revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognised in profit or loss such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to the equity-settled employee benefits reserve.

1.8 Taxation

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from profit before tax as reported in the statement of profit and loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company’s current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilised.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Current and deferred tax for the year

Current and deferred tax are recognised in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

1.9 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment (including furniture, fixtures, vehicles, etc.) held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost of acquisition is inclusive of freight, duties, taxes and other incidental expenses. Freehold land is not depreciated.

Properties in the course of construction for production, supply or administrative purposes are carried at cost, less any recognised impairment loss. Cost includes items directly attributable to the construction or acquisition of the item of property, plant and equipment, and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalised in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy. Such properties are classified to the appropriate categories of property, plant and equipment when completed and ready for intended use. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives, using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Depreciation is charged on a pro-rata basis at the straight-line method over estimated economic useful lives of its property, plant and equipment generally in accordance with that provided in the Schedule II to the Act except in respect of moulds and dies depreciated over the useful life of 1 to 15 years, wherein, the life of the said assets has been assessed based on technical advice, taking into account the nature of the asset, the estimated usage of the asset, the operating conditions of the asset, past history of replacement, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers warranties and maintenance support, etc. Asset costing less than Rs. 5,000 each are fully depreciated in the year of capitalisation.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in profit or loss.

1.10 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses.

Internally-generated intangible assets -research and development expenditure

Expenditure on research activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.

An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognised if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

- the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;

- the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

- the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

- how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

- the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

- the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The amount initially recognised for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally-generated intangible asset can be recognised, development expenditure is recognised profit or loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

Derecognition of intangible assets

An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, and are recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised.

Useful lives of intangible assets

Intangible assets comprising of product design, prototypes, etc. either acquired or internally developed are amortised over a period of 10 years, the estimated minimum useful life of the related products. Cost of software is amortised over a period of 5 years or less depending on the estimated useful life of asset.

1.11 Impairment of tangible (property, plant and equipment) and intangible assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its property, plant and equipment and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. When a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss. When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

1.12 Investment property

Investment property is a property held to earn rentals. Investment property is measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment property is measured in accordance with Ind AS 16’s requirements for cost model.

1.13 Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Costs of inventories are determined on a moving weighted average. Finished goods and work-in-progress include appropriate proportion of overheads and where applicable, excise duty. Net realisable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.

1.14 Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. When a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows (when the effect of the time value of money is material).

Warranties

The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failures. The timing of outflows will vary as and when warranty claim will arise.

1.15 Financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in profit or loss.

1.16 Financial assets

All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortised cost or fair value, depending on the classification of the financial assets.

Classification of financial assets

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortised cost (except for debt instruments that are designated as at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

- the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

- the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”) (except for debt instruments that are designated as at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

- the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

- the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Interest income is recognised in profit or loss for FVTOCI debt instruments.

All other financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value.

Effective interest method

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Income is recognised on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified as at FVTPL. Interest income is recognised in profit or loss and is included in the “Other income” line item.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Investments in equity instruments are classified as at FVTPL, unless the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income for investments in equity instruments which are not held for trading.

Debt instruments that do not meet the amortised cost criteria or FVTOCI criteria are measured at FVTPL. In addition, debt instruments that meet the amortised cost criteria or the FVTOCI criteria but are designated as at FVTPL are measured at FVTPL.

A financial asset that meets the amortised cost criteria or debt instruments that meet the FVTOCI criteria may be designated as at FVTPL upon initial recognition if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on re-measurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset and is included in the ‘Other income’ line item. Dividend on financial assets at FVTPL is recognised when the company’s right to receive the dividends is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the entity, the dividend does not represent a recovery of part of cost of the investment and the amount of dividend can be measured reliably.

Investment in subsidiaries and joint ventures is carried at cost in the separate financial statements.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company applies the expected credit loss model for recognising impairment loss on financial assets measured at amortised cost, debt instruments at FVTOCI, trade receivables, other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset, and financial guarantees not designated as at FVTPL.

The Company measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increase significantly since initial recognition.

Further, for the purpose of measuring lifetime expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient as permitted under Ind AS 109. This expected credit loss allowance is computed based on historical credit loss experience and adjustments for forward-looking information.

Derecognition of financial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party.

1.17 Financial liabilities and equity instruments Classification as debt or equity

Debt and equity instruments issued by Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities that are not held-for-trading and are not designated as at FVTPL are measured at amortised cost at the end of subsequent accounting periods. The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortised cost are determined based on the effective interest method. Interest expense that is not capitalised as part of costs of an asset is included in the ‘Finance costs’ Line item.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability.

All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.

1.18 Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit / (loss) after tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated based on the available information.

1.19 Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year/period.

Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax as adjusted for dividend, interest and other charges to expense or income relating to the dilutive potential equity shares, by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and the weighted average number of equity shares which could have been issued on the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.

1.20 Recent accounting pronouncements

In March 2017, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs issued the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) (Amendments) Rules, 2017, notifying amendments to Ind AS 7, ‘Statement of cash flows’. These amendments are in accordance with the recent amendments made by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to IAS 7, ‘Statement of cash flows’. The amendments are applicable to the Company from April 1, 2017.

Amendment to Ind AS 7:

The amendment to Ind AS 7 requires the entities to provide disclosures that enable users of financial statements to evaluate changes in liabilities arising from financing activities, including both changes arising from cash flows and non-cash changes, suggesting inclusion of a reconciliation between the opening and closing balances in the balance sheet for liabilities arising from financing activities, to meet the disclosure requirement.

The Company is evaluating the requirements of the amendment and the effect on financial statements is being evaluated.

1.21 First-time adoption - mandatory exceptions, optional exemptions Overall principle

The Company has prepared the opening balance sheet as per Ind AS as of January 1, 2015 (the transition date) by recognising all assets and liabilities whose recognition is required by Ind AS, not recognising items of assets or liabilities which are not permitted by Ind AS, by reclassifying items from previous GAAP to Ind AS as required under Ind AS, and applying Ind AS in measurement of recognised assets and liabilities. However, this principle is subject to the certain exception and certain optional exemptions availed by the Company as detailed below:

Share-based payment transactions

The Company is allowed to apply Ind AS 102 Share-based payment to equity instruments that remain unvested as of transition date. The Company has elected to avail this exemption and apply the requirements of Ind AS 102 to all such grants under the Eicher Employee Stock Option Plan. Accordingly, these options have been measured at fair value as against intrinsic value previously under I GAAP

The excess of stock compensation expense measured using fair value over the cost recognised under IGAAP using intrinsic value has been adjusted in ‘Share Option Outstanding Account’, with the corresponding impact taken to the retained earnings as on the transition date.

Investments in subsidiaries and joint ventures

The Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of its investments in subsidiary companies and joint venture companies as of January 1, 2015 (transition date) measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as its deemed cost as of the transition date.


Dec 31, 2014

(i) Basis of accounting and preparation of financial statements

The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in India (Indian GAAP) to comply with the Accounting Standards notified under Section 211 (3C) of the Companies Act, 1956 ("the 1956 Act") (which are deemed to be applicable as per Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013, read with rule 7 of the companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014) and the relevant provisions of the 1956 Act/ 2013 Act, as applicable.

The financial statements have been prepared on accrual basis under the historical cost convention. The accounting policies adopted in the preparation of the financial statements are consistent with those followed in the previous year.

(ii) Use of estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Indian GAAP requires the Management to make estimates and assumptions considered in the reported amounts of assets and liabilities (including contingent liabilities) and the reported income and expenses during the year. The Management believes that the estimates used in preparation of the financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Future results could differ due to these estimates and the differences between the actual results and the estimates are recognised in the periods in which the results are known / materialise.

(iii) inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and moving weighted average price and the net realisable value after providing for obsolescence and other losses, where considered necessary. Cost includes all charges in bringing the goods to the point of sale, including octroi and other levies, transit insurance and receiving charges. Work-in-progress and finished goods include appropriate proportion of overheads and, where applicable, excise duty.

(iv) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents are short-term balances, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.

(v) Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit / (loss) before extraordinary items and tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated based on the available information.

(vi) Depreciation and amortisation

Depreciation has been provided on the straight-line method as per the rates prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956 except in respect of moulds and dies where higher rate of depreciation @ 20% per annum have been followed. Assets costing less than Rs. 5,000 each are fully depreciated in the year of capitalisation.

Depreciation on addition to fixed assets is provided on pro-rata basis from the month the assets are put to use. Depreciation on sale/deduction from fixed assets is provided for up to the previous month of sale, deduction, discardment as the case may be.

Intangible assets comprising of product design, prototypes, etc., either acquired or internally developed are amortised over a period of ten years, the estimated minimum useful life of the related products. Cost of software is amortised over a period of 5 years or less depending on the estimated useful life of asset.

The estimated useful life of the intangible assets and the amortisation period are reviewed at the end of each financial year and the amortisation method is revised to reflect the changed usage pattern.

Leasehold land is amortised over the lease period.

(vii) Revenue recognition

Sales are recognised, net of returns and trade discounts, on transfer of significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer, which generally coincides with the dispatch of goods to customers. Sales include excise duty but exclude sales tax and value added tax.

Interest income is recognised on a time proportionate basis taking into account the amount invested and rate applicable. Dividend income is accounted for when the right to receive is established.

(viii) Fixed assets (Tangible / Intangible)

Fixed assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation/amortisation and impairment losses, if any. The cost of fixed assets comprises its purchase price net of any trade discounts and rebates, any import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable from the tax authorities), any directly attributable expenditure on making the asset ready for its intended use, other incidental expenses and interest on borrowings attributable to acquisition of qualifying fixed assets up to the date the asset is ready for its intended use. Subsequent expenditure on fixed assets after its purchase / completion is capitalised only if such expenditure results in an increase in the future benefits from such asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance.

Fixed assets acquired and put to use for project purpose are capitalised and depreciation thereon is included in the project cost till commissioning of the project.

Capital work-in-progress

Projects under which assets are not ready for their intended use and other capital work-in-progress are carried at cost, comprising direct cost, related incidental expenses and attributable interest.

Pre-operative expenditure (pending allocation)

Expenses directly related to construction activity or incidental thereto, are allocated to fixed assets at the time of completion of the project.

Intangible assets under development

Expenditure on Research and development eligible for capitalisation are carried as Intangible assets under development where such assets are not yet ready for their intended use.

(ix) Foreign currency transactions

Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction.

Monetary items denominated in foreign currencies at the year-end are translated at the exchange rates prevailing on the Balance Sheet date. Non-monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are carried at cost.

Any income or expense on account of exchange differences either on settlement or on translation of transactions are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(x) investments

Long term investments are carried individually at cost, less provision for diminution, other than temporary, in the value of such investments. Current investments are carried individually, at the lower of cost and fair value. Cost of investments includes acquisition charges such as brokerage, fees and duties.

(xi) Employee benefits

Employee benefits includes gratuity, compensated absences, long service award and contribution to provident fund, employees'' state insurance scheme, superannuation fund.

Defined contribution plans

The Company''s contribution to provident fund, employees'' state insurance scheme, superannuation fund are considered as defined contribution plans and are charged as an expense as they fall due based on the amount of contribution required to be made and when services are rendered by the employees. In respect of certain employees, provident fund contributions are made to a Trust where the interest rate payable to the members of such Trust shall not be lower than the statutory rate of interest declared by the Central Government under the Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 and shortfall, if any, shall be made good by the Company. The remaining contributions are made to a government administered provident fund towards which the Company has no further obligations beyond its monthly contributions.

Defined benefit plans

For defined benefit plans in the form of gratuity, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance Sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognised immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested. The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the Balance Sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognised past service cost.

Long-term employee benefits

Compensated absences and long service award which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related service are recognised as a liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation as at the Balance Sheet date. The cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance Sheet date and actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they occur.

Short-term employee benefits

The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees are recognised during the year when the employees render the service.

(xii) Employee share based payments

The Company has formulated Employee Stock Option Scheme (ESOS) in accordance with the SEBI (Employee Stock Option Scheme and Employee Stock Purchase Scheme) Guidelines, 1999. The Scheme provide for grant of options to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries to acquire equity shares of the Company that vest in a graded manner and that are to be exercised within a specified period. In accordance with the SEBI Guidelines, the Company has constituted an Employee Stock Option Plan - 2006. Employee Stock Options granted by the Company are accounted under the ''Intrinsic Value Method'' stated in the Guidance Note on Employee Share Based Payments issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

(xiii) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs include interest, amortisation of ancillary costs incurred and exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to the interest cost. Costs in connection with the borrowing of funds to the extent not directly related to the acquisition of qualifying assets are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss over the tenure of the loan. Borrowing costs, allocated to and utilised for qualifying assets, pertaining to the period from commencement of activities relating to construction / development of the qualifying asset upto the date of capitalisation of such asset is added to the cost of the assets. Capitalisation of borrowing costs is suspended and charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss during extended periods when active development activity on the qualifying assets is interrupted.

(xiv) Leases

Lease rentals in respect of assets that are in the nature of operating leases are expensed with reference to lease terms.

(xv) Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax as adjusted for dividend, interest and other charges to expense or income relating to the dilutive potential equity shares, by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and the weighted average number of equity shares which could have been issued on the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.

(xvi) Taxes on income

Current tax is the amount of tax payable on the taxable income for the year as determined in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The provision for taxation for the year ended December 31, 2014 comprises the residual tax liability for the assessment year 2014-15 relevant to the year April 1, 2013 to March 31, 2014 and the liability, which has accrued on the profit for the period April 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014, under the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961.

Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws, which gives future economic benefits in the form of adjustment to future income tax liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as an asset in the Balance Sheet when it is highly probable that future economic benefit associated with it will flow to the Company.

Deferred tax is recognised on timing differences, being the differences between the taxable income and the accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax is measured using the tax rates and the tax laws enacted or substantially enacted as at the reporting date. Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all timing differences. Deferred tax assets in respect of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward of losses are recognised only if there is virtual certainty that there will be sufficient future taxable income available to realise such assets. Deferred tax assets are recognised for timing differences of other items only to the extent that reasonable certainty exists that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which these can be realised.

(xvii) Research and development expenses

Revenue expenditure pertaining to research is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss. Development costs of products are also charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss unless a product''s technological feasibility has been established, in which case such expenditure is capitalised. The amount capitalised comprises expenditure that can be directly attributed or allocated on a reasonable and consistent basis to creating, producing and making the asset ready for its intended use. Fixed assets utilised for research and development are capitalised and depreciated in accordance with the policies stated for Fixed Assets (Tangible/ Intangible).

(xviii) Impairment of assets

The carrying values of assets / cash generating units at each Balance Sheet date are reviewed for impairment. If any indication of impairment exists, the recoverable amount of such assets is estimated and impairment is recognised, if the carrying amount of these assets exceeds their recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the net selling price and their value in use. Value in use is arrived at by discounting the future cash flows to their present value based on an appropriate discount factor. When there is indication that an impairment loss recognised for an asset in earlier accounting periods no longer exists or may have decreased, such reversal of impairment loss is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(xix) Provisions and contingencies

A provision is recognised when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past events and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits) are not discounted to their present value and are determined based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the Balance Sheet date. These are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. Contingent liabilities are disclosed in the Notes.

(xx) Provision for warranty

The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failures. The timing of outflows will vary as and when warranty claim will arise.

As per the terms of the contracts, the Company provides post-contract services / warranty support to its customers. The Company accounts for the post-contract support / provision for warranty on the basis of the information available with the Management duly taking into account the current and past technical estimates.


Dec 31, 2013

(i) Basis of accounting

The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in India (Indian GAAP) to comply with the Accounting Standards notified under the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006 (as amended) and the relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 1956. The financial statements have been prepared on accrual basis under the historical cost convention. The accounting policies adopted in the preparation of the financial statements are consistent with those followed in the previous year.

(ii) Use of estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Indian GAAP requires the Management to make estimates and assumptions considered in the reported amounts of assets and liabilities (including contingent liabilities) and the reported income and expenses during the year. The Management believes that the estimates used in preparation of the financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Future results could differ due to these estimates and the differences between the actual results and the estimates are recognised in the periods in which the results are known / materialise.

(iii) Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and moving weighted average price and the net realisable value after providing for obsolescence and other losses, where considered necessary. Cost includes all charges in bringing the goods to the point of sale, including control and other levies, transit insurance and receiving charges. Work-in-progress and finished goods include appropriate proportion of overheads and, where applicable, excise duty.

(iv) cash and cash equivalents

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents are short-term balances, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.

(v) Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit / (loss) before extraordinary items and tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated based on the available information.

(vi) depreciation and amortisation

Depreciation has been provided on the straight-line method as per the rates prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956. Assets costing less than Rs. 5,000 each are fully depreciated in the year of capitalisation Depreciation on addition to fixed assets is provided on pro-rata basis from the month the assets are put to use. Depreciation on sale/deduction from fixed assets is provided for up to the previous month of sale, deduction, discernment as the case may be.

Intangible assets comprising of product design, prototypes, etc., either acquired or internally developed are amortised over a period of ten years, the estimated minimum useful life of the related products. Cost of software is amortised over a period of 5 years or less depending on the estimated useful life of asset.

The estimated useful life of the intangible assets and the amortisation period are reviewed at the end of each financial year and the amortisation method is revised to reflect the changed pattern.

Leasehold land is amortised over the lease period.

(vii) revenue recognition

Sales are recognised, net of returns and trade discounts, on transfer of significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer, which generally coincides with the dispatch of goods to customers. Sales include excise duty but exclude sales tax and value added tax.

Interest income is recognised on a time proportionate basis taking into account the amount invested and rate applicable. Dividend income is accounted for when the right to receive is established.

(viii) Tangible fixed assets

Fixed assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. The cost of fixed assets includes interest on borrowings attributable to acquisition of qualifying fixed assets up to the date the asset is ready for its intended use and other incidental expenses incurred up to that date. Subsequent expenditure relating to fxed assets is capitalised only if such expenditure results in an increase in the future benefits from such asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance.

Fixed assets acquired and put to use for project purpose are capitalised and depreciation thereon is included in the project cost till commissioning of the project.

Capital work-in-progress:

Projects under which assets are not ready for their intended use and other capital work-in-progress are carried at cost, comprising direct cost, related incidental expenses and attributable interest.

Pre-operative expenditure (pending allocation):

Expenses directly related to construction activity or incidental thereto, are allocated to fixed assets at the time of completion of the project.

(ix) Intangible assets

Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and impairment losses, if any. The cost of an intangible asset comprises its purchase price, including any import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable from the taxing authorities), and any directly attributable expenditure on making the asset ready for its intended use and net of any trade discounts and rebates. Subsequent expenditure on an intangible asset after its purchase / completion is recognised as an expense when incurred unless it is probable that such expenditure will enable the asset to generate future economic benefits in excess of its originally assessed standards of performance and such expenditure can be measured and attributed to the asset reliably, in which case such expenditure is added to the cost of the asset.

(x) foreign currency transactions

Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction.

Monetary items denominated in foreign currencies at the year-end are translated at the exchange rates prevailing on the Balance Sheet date. Non-monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are carried at cost.

Any income or expense on account of exchange differences either on settlement or on translation of transactions are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(xi) Investments

Long term investments are carried individually at cost, less provision for diminution, other than temporary, in the value of such investments. Current investments are carried individually, at the lower of cost and fair value. Cost of investments includes acquisition charges such as brokerage, fees and duties.

(xii) Employee benefits

Employee benefits includes gratuity, compensated absences and contribution to provident fund, employees'' state insurance, superannuation fund.

Defend contribution plans:

The Company''s contribution to provident fund, employees'' state insurance, superannuation fund are considered as defend contribution plans and are charged as an expense as they fall due based on the amount of contribution required to be made. In respect of certain employees, provident fund contributions are made to a Trust where the interest rate payable to the members of such Trust shall not be lower than the statutory rate of interest declared by the Central Government under the Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 and shortfall, if any, shall be made good by the Company. The remaining contributions are made to a government administered provident fund towards which the Company has no further obligations beyond its monthly contributions.

Defined benefit plans:

For defined benefit plans in the form of gratuity, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance Sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognised immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested. The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the Balance Sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognised past service cost.

Long-term employee benefits:

Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related service are recognised as a liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation as at the Balance Sheet date. The cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance Sheet date and actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they occur.

Short-term employee benefits:

The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees are recognised during the year when the employees render the service.

(xiii) Leases

Payments under operating leases are recognised in the proft and loss statement with reference to lease terms.

(xiv) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs include interest, amortisation of ancillary costs incurred and exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to the interest cost. Costs in connection with the borrowing of funds to the extent not directly related to the acquisition of qualifying assets are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss over the tenure of the loan. Borrowing costs, allocated to and utilised for qualifying assets, pertaining to the period from commencement of activities relating to construction / development of the qualifying asset upto the date of capitalisation of such asset is added to the cost of the assets. Capitalisation of borrowing costs is suspended and charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss during extended periods when active development activity on the qualifying assets is interrupted.

(xv) earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax as adjusted for dividend, interest and other charges to expense or income relating to the dilutive potential equity shares, by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and the weighted average number of equity shares which could have been issued on the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.

(xvi) Income taxes

Current tax is the amount of tax payable on the taxable income for the year as determined in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The provision for taxation for the year ended December 31, 2013 comprises the residual tax liability for the assessment year 2013-14 relevant to the year April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2013 and the liability, which has accrued on the profit for the period April 1, 2013 to December 31, 2013, under the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961

Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws, which gives future economic benefits in the form of adjustment to future income tax liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as an asset in the Balance Sheet when it is probable that future economic benefit associated with it will flow to the Company.

Deferred tax is recognised on timing differences, being the differences between the taxable income and the accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax is measured using the tax rates and the tax laws enacted or substantially enacted as at the reporting date. Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all timing differences. Deferred tax assets in respect of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward of losses are recognised only if there is virtual certainty that there will be sufcient future taxable income available to realise such assets. Deferred tax assets are recognised for timing differences of other items only to the extent that reasonable certainty exists that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which these can be realised.

(xvii) Research and development expenses

Revenue expenditure pertaining to research is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss. Development costs of products are also charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss unless a product''s technological feasibility has been established, in which case such expenditure is capitalised. The amount capitalised comprises expenditure that can be directly attributed or allocated on a reasonable and consistent basis to creating, producing and making the asset ready for its intended use. Fixed assets utilised for research and development are capitalised and depreciated in accordance with the policies stated for Tangible Fixed Assets and Intangible Assets.

(xviii) Impairment of assets

The carrying values of assets / cash generating units at each Balance Sheet date are reviewed for impairment. If any indication of impairment exists, the recoverable amount of such assets is estimated and impairment is recognised, if the carrying amount of these assets exceeds their recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the net selling price and their value in use. Value in use is arrived at by discounting the future cash flows to their present value based on an appropriate discount factor. When there is indication that an impairment loss recognised for an asset in earlier accounting periods no longer exists or may have decreased, such reversal of impairment loss is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(xix) Provisions and contingencies

A provision is recognised when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past events and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits) are not discounted to their present value and are determined based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the Balance Sheet date. These are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. Contingent liabilities are disclosed in the Notes.

(xx) employee share based payments

The Company has formulated Employee Stock Option Scheme (ESOS) in accordance with the SEBI (Employee Stock Option Scheme and Employee Stock Purchase Scheme) Guidelines, 1999. The Scheme provide for grant of options to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries to acquire equity shares of the Company that vest in a graded manner and that are to be exercised within a specified period. In accordance with the SEBI Guidelines, the Company has constituted an Employee Stock Option Plan - 2006. Employee Stock Options granted by the Company are accounted under the ''Intrinsic Value Method'' stated in the Guidance Note on Employee Share Based Payments issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

(xxi) Provision for warranty

The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failures. The timing of outflows will vary as and when warranty claim will arise.

As per the terms of the contracts, the Company provides post-contract services / warranty support to some of its customers. The Company accounts for the post-contract support / provision for warranty on the basis of the information available with the Management duly taking into account the current and past technical estimates.

(iv) employee stock option plan

a. 1,77,000 (1,77,000) options on September 30, 2006, exercisable over a period of seven years after vesting on October 1, 2009 at an exercise price of Rs.297 (including premium of Rs 287) per option, out of which Nil (6,400) options are outstanding at year end. During the year, 6,400 (Nil) equity shares were issued and allotted as fully paid up at an exercise price of Rs. 297 (including premium of Rs. 287 each) per equity share.

b. 2,08,900 (2,08,900) options on October 22, 2007, exercisable over a period of seven years after vesting on October 23, 2010 at an exercise price of Rs. 462 (including premium of Rs. 452) per option, out of which 32,000 (63,500) options are outstanding at year end. During the year, 31,500 (8,400) equity shares were issued and allotted as fully paid up at an exercise price of Rs. 462 (including premium of Rs. 452 each) per equity share.

c. 40,000 (40,000) options on April 29, 2010, exercisable over a period of seven years after vesting on April 29, 2011 at an exercise price of Rs. 695 (including premium of Rs. 685) per option are outstanding as at year end.

d. 15,400 (15,400) options on November 8, 2010, exercisable over a period of seven years after vesting on November 8, 2013 at an exercise price of Rs.1,411 (including premium of Rs. 1,401) per option are outstanding as at year end.

e. 1,08,200 (1,32,200) options on May 6, 2011, exercisable over a period of seven years after vesting on May 6, 2014 at an exercise price of Rs. 1,162 (including premium of Rs. 1,152) per option are outstanding as at year end. During the year, 24,000 (3,000) options were forfeited.

f. 5,400 (12,600) options on February 11, 2012, exercisable over a period of seven years after vesting on February 11, 2015 at an exercise price of Rs. 1,770 (including premium of Rs. 1,760) per option are outstanding as at year end. During the year, 7,200 (Nil) options were forfeited.

g. 5,000 (Nil) options on December 16, 2013, exercisable over a period of seven years after vesting on December 15, 2016 at an exercise price of Rs. 4,915 (including premium of Rs. 4,905) per option are outstanding as at year end.

h. Each option entitles the holders thereof to apply for and be allotted one equity share of the face value of Rs. 10 each.


Dec 31, 2012

(i) Basis of accounting

The financial statements of the company have been prepared in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in india (indian GAAP) to comply with the Accounting standards notified under the companies (Accounting standards) Rules, 2006 (as amended) and the relevant provisions of the companies Act, I956. The financial statements have been prepared on accrual basis under the historical cost convention. The accounting policies adopted in the preparation of the financial statements are consistent with those followed in the previous year.

(ii) use of estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with indian GAAP requires the Management to make estimates and assumptions considered in the reported amounts of assets and liabilities (including contingent liabilities) and the reported income and expenses during the year. The Management believes that the estimates used in preparation of the financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Future results could differ due to these estimates and the differences between the actual results and the estimates are recognised in the periods in which the results are known/ materialise.

(iii) inventories

inventories are valued at the lower of cost and moving weighted average price and the net realisable value after providing for obsolescence and other losses, where considered necessary. cost includes all charges in bringing the goods to the point of sale, including octroi and other levies, transit insurance and receiving charges. Work-in-progress and finished goods include appropriate proportion of overheads and, where applicable, excise duty.

(iv) Depreciation and amortisation

Depreciation has been provided on the straight-line method as per the rates prescribed in schedule XiV to the companies Act, I956.

Assets costing less than Rs. 5,000 each are fully depreciated in the year of capitalisation.

Depreciation on addition to fixed assets is provided on pro-rata basis from the month the assets are put to use. Depreciation on sale/deduction from fixed assets is provided for up to the previous month of sale, deduction, discardment as the case may be.

intangible assets comprising of product design, prototypes, etc., either acquired or internally developed are amortised over a period of ten years, the estimated minimum useful life of the related products. cost of software is amortised over a period of 5 years or less depending on the estimated useful life of asset.

The estimated useful life of the intangible assets and the amortisation period are reviewed at the end of each financial year and the amortisation method is revised to reflect the changed pattern.

(v) Revenue recognition

sales are recognised, net of returns and trade discounts, on transfer of significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer, which generally coincides with the dispatch of goods to customers. sales include excise duty but exclude sales tax and value added tax. Revenues from maintenance contracts are recognised pro-rata over the period of the contract.

interest income is recognised on a time proportionate basis taking into account the amount invested and rate applicable. Dividend income is accounted for when the right to receive it is established.

(vi) Tangible fixed assets

Fixed assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. The cost of fixed assets includes interest on borrowings attributable to acquisition of qualifying fixed assets up to the date the asset is ready for its intended use and other incidental expenses incurred up to that date. subsequent expenditure relating to fixed assets is capitalised only if such expenditure results in an increase in the future benefits from such asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance.

Fixed assets acquired and put to use for project purpose are capitalised and depreciation thereon is included in the project cost till commissioning of the project.

capital work-in-progress:

Projects under which assets are not ready for their intended use and other capital work-in-progress are carried at cost, comprising direct cost, related incidental expenses and attributable interest.

Pre-operative expenditure (pending allocation):

Expenses directly related to construction activity or incidental thereto, are allocated to fixed assets at the time of completion of the project.

(vii) intangible assets

intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and impairment losses, if any. The cost of an intangible asset comprises its purchase price, including any import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable from the taxing authorities), and any directly attributable expenditure on making the asset ready for its intended use and net of any trade discounts and rebates. subsequent expenditure on an intangible asset after its purchase/completion is recognised as an expense when incurred unless it is probable that such expenditure will enable the asset to generate future economic benefits in excess of its originally assessed standards of performance and such expenditure can be measured and attributed to the asset reliably, in which case such expenditure is added to the cost of the asset.

(viii) Foreign currency transactions

Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction.

Monetary items denominated in foreign currencies at the year-end are translated at the exchange rates prevailing on the Balance sheet date. Non-monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are carried at cost.

Any income or expense on account of exchange differences either on settlement or on translation of transactions are charged to the statement of Profit and Loss.

(ix) investments

Long term investments are carried individually at cost, less provision for diminution, other than temporary, in the value of such investments. current investments are carried individually, at the lower of cost and fair value. cost of investments includes acquisition charges such as brokerage, fees and duties.

(x) Employee benefits

Employee benefits includes gratuity, compensated absences and contribution to provident fund, employees'' state insurance, superannuation fund.

Defined contribution plans

The company''s contribution to provident fund, employees'' state insurance, superannuation fund are considered as defined contribution plans and are charged as an expense as they fall due based on the amount of contribution required to be made. in respect of certain employees, provident fund contributions are made to a Trust where the interest rate payable to the members of such Trust shall not be lower than the statutory rate of interest declared by the central Government under the Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, I952 and shortfall, if any, shall be made good by the company. The remaining contributions are made to a government administered provident fund towards which the company has no further obligations beyond its monthly contributions.

Defined benefit plans

For defined benefit plans in the form of gratuity, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognised immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested. The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the Balance sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognised past service cost.

Long-term employee benefits

compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related service are recognised as a liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation as at the Balance sheet date. The cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance sheet date and actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they occur.

Short-term employee benefits

The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees are recognised during the year when the employees render the service.

(xi) Leases

Lease rentals in respect of assets that are in the nature of operating leases are expensed with reference to lease terms.

(xii) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs include interest, amortisation of ancillary costs incurred and exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to the interest cost. costs in connection with the borrowing of funds to the extent not directly related to the acquisition of qualifying assets are charged to the statement of Profit and Loss over the tenure of the loan. Borrowing costs, allocated to and utilised for qualifying assets, pertaining to the period from commencement of activities relating to construction/development of the qualifying asset upto the date of capitalisation of such asset is added to the cost of the assets. capitalisation of borrowing costs is suspended and charged to the statement of Profit and Loss during extended periods when active development activity on the qualifying assets is interrupted.

(xiii) Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax as adjusted for dividend, interest and other charges to expense or income relating to the dilutive potential equity shares, by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and the weighted average number of equity shares which could have been issued on the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.

(xiv) income taxes

current tax is the amount of tax payable on the taxable income for the year as determined in accordance with the provisions of the income Tax Act, I96I. The provision for taxation for the year ended December 3I, 20I2 comprises the residual tax liability for the assessment year 20I2-I3 relevant to the year April I, 20II to March 3I, 20I2 and the liability, which has accrued on the profit for the period April I, 20I2 to December 3I, 20I2, under the provisions of the income-tax Act, I96I.

Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws, which gives future economic benefits in the form of adjustment to future income tax liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence that the company will pay normal income tax. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as an asset in the Balance sheet when it is probable that future economic benefit associated with it will flow to the company.

Deferred tax is recognised on timing differences, being the differences between the taxable income and the accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax is measured using the tax rates and the tax laws enacted or substantially enacted as at the reporting date. Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all timing differences. Deferred tax assets in respect of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward of losses are recognised only if there is virtual certainty that there will be sufficient future taxable income available to realise such assets. Deferred tax assets are recognised for timing differences of other items only to the extent that reasonable certainty exists that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which these can be realised.

(xv) Research and development expenses

Revenue expenditure pertaining to research is charged to the statement of Profit and Loss. Development costs of products are also charged to the statement of Profit and Loss unless a product''s technological feasibility has been established, in which case such expenditure is capitalised. The amount capitalised comprises expenditure that can be directly attributed or allocated on a reasonable and consistent basis to creating, producing and making the asset ready for its intended use. Fixed assets utilised for research and development are capitalised and depreciated in accordance with the policies stated for Tangible Fixed Assets and intangible Assets.

(xvi) Impairment of assets

The carrying values of assets/cash generating units at each Balance sheet date are reviewed for impairment. if any indication of impairment exists, the recoverable amount of such assets is estimated and impairment is recognised, if the carrying amount of these assets exceeds their recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the net selling price and their value in use. Value in use is arrived at by discounting the future cash flows to their present value based on an appropriate discount factor. When there is indication that an impairment loss recognised for an asset in earlier accounting periods no longer exists or may have decreased, such reversal of impairment loss is recognised in the statement of Profit and Loss.

(xvii) Provisions and contingencies

A provision is recognised when the company has a present obligation as a result of past events and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits) are not discounted to their present value and are determined based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the Balance sheet date. These are reviewed at each Balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. contingent liabilities are disclosed in the Notes.

(xviii) Employee share based payments

The company has formulated Employee stock Option scheme (EsOs) in accordance with the sEBi (Employee stock Option scheme and Employee stock Purchase scheme) Guidelines, I999. The scheme provides for grant of options to employees of the company and its subsidiaries to acquire equity shares of the company that vest in a graded manner and that are to be exercised within a specified period. in accordance with the sEBi Guidelines, the company has constituted an Employee stock Option Plan - 2006. Employee stock Options granted by the company are accounted under the ''instrinsic Value Method'' stated in the Guidance Note on Employee share Based Payments issued by the institute of chartered Accountants of india.

(xix) Provision for warranty

The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions on product failures. The timing of outflows will vary as and when warranty claim will arise.

As per the terms of the contracts, the company provides post-contract services/warranty support to some of its customers. The company accounts for the post-contract support/provision for warranty on the basis of the information available with the Management duly taking into account the current and past technical estimates.


Dec 31, 2010

I) Accounting convention

The financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention and have been prepared in accordance with applicable Accounting Standards and relevant presentational requirements of the Companies Act, 1956.

ii) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires the management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balance of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses and disclosure relating to the contingent liabilities. The management believes that the estimates used in preparation of financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Future results could differ from these estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively in the current and future periods.

iii) Fixed assets, including intangible assets, and depreciation

Fixed assets including intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost of acquisition or construction is inclusive of freight, duties, taxes, incidental expenses and fi nancing cost of borrowed funds relating to acquisition of fixed assets up to the date of commissioning/commercial exploitation of assets.

Leasehold land is amortised over the lease period.

Depreciation on fixed assets (other than land and intangible assets) is charged on a pro-rata basis from the month the assets are put to use at the straight line method rates prescribed in schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956. In addition, diminution in value of fixed assets, if any, is included under depreciation.

Intangible assets comprising of product designs, prototypes, etc, either acquired or internally developed, are amortised over a period of ten years, the estimated minimum useful life of the related products. Cost of software is amortised over a period of 5 years or less depending on the estimated useful life of the asset.

iv) Inventories

Loose tools, stores and machinery spares are valued at cost or under. Stock-in-trade is valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

The bases of determining cost of various categories of inventories are as follows:

Raw materials, components, loose - Moving weighted average rates tools, stores and machinery spares

Work in progress and fi nished goods - Material cost plus appropriate share of labour and overheads

v) Employee benefits

Companys contributions paid/ payable during the year to provident fund, superannuation fund, and Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) are recognized in the Profit and loss account. In respect of certain employees, provident fund contributions are made to a Trust administered by the Company. The interest rate payable to the members of this Trust shall not be lower than the statutory rate of interest declared by the Central Government under the Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 and shortfall, if any, shall be made good by the Company. The remaining contributions are made to a government administered provident fund towards which the Company has no further obligations beyond its monthly contributions.

Defined benefits and other long term employee benefits are provided on the basis of an actuarial valuation made at the end of each accounting year. Actuarial gains or loss arising from such valuation are charged to revenue in the year in which they arise.

vi) Research and development

Revenue expenditure on research and development is expensed off under the respective heads of account in the year in which it is incurred. Expenditure, which results in creation of capital assets, is treated in the same way as expenditure on the fixed assets.

vii) Revenue recognition

The Company recognises revenue from sale of products on dispatch of goods to customers which coincides with the transfer of risks and rewards associated with the ownership of goods. Product sales represents amount invoiced for goods sold, inclusive of excise duty but net of sales tax and returns. Interest income is recognised on a time proportionate basis taking into account the amount invested and rate applicable.

viii) Investments

Long term investments are stated at cost as reduced by diminution in value, if any. Current investments are valued at lower of cost and fair value.

ix) Foreign currency transactions

Foreign currency transactions are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the date of the transactions. Monetary items (assets and liabilities) denominated in foreign currency are translated into rupees at the exchange rates prevailing on the balance sheet date.

Premium paid on Forward cover is amortised over the period of cover. Exchange differences on such contracts are recognised in Profit and loss in the year in which the exchange rate change arises. Exchange differences on translation of foreign currency assets and liabilities and realised gains and losses on foreign exchange transactions are recognised in the Profit and loss account.

x) Provision for warranty

Provision for warranty has been computed on the total sales made during the year, based on past experience.

xi) Taxation

The provision for taxation for the year ended December 31, 2010 comprises the residual tax liability for the assessment year 2010- 11 relevant to the year April 1, 2009 to March 31, 2010 and the liability, which has accrued on the Profit for the period April 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010, under the provisions of the Income tax Act, 1961.

Deferred tax is recognised, subject to the consideration of prudence, on timing differences, being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax assets are recognised on unabsorbed depreciation and carried forward of losses based on virtual certainty that suffi cient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised.

xii) Provisions and contingent liabilities

Provisions involving substantial degree of estimation in measurement are recognised when there is a present obligation as a result of past events and is probable that there will be an out fl ow of resources. Contingent liabilities are not recognised but are disclosed in the notes to the accounts.


Dec 31, 2009

I) Accounting convention

The fi nancial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention and have been prepared in accordance with applicable Accounting Standards and relevant presentational requirements of the Companies Act, 1956.

ii) Fixed assets, including intangible assets, and depreciation

Fixed assets including intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost of acquisition or construction is inclusive of freight, duties, taxes, incidental expenses and fi nancing cost of borrowed funds relating to acquisition of fi xed assets up to the date of commissioning/commercial exploitation of assets.

Leasehold land is amortised over the lease period.

Depreciation on fi xed assets (other than land and intangible assets) is charged on a pro-rata basis from the month the assets are put to use at the straight line method rates prescribed in schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956. In addition, diminution in value of fi xed assets, if any, is included under depreciation.

Intangible assets comprising of product designs, prototypes, etc, either acquired or internally developed, are amortised over a period of ten years, the estimated minimum useful life of the related products. Cost of software is amortised over a period of 5 years or less depending on the estimated useful life of the asset.

iii) Inventories

Loose tools, stores and machinery spares are valued at cost or under. Stock-in-trade is valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

The bases of determining cost of various categories of inventories are as follows:

Raw materials, components, loose - Moving weighted average rates

tools, stores and machinery spares

Work in progress and fi nished goods - Material cost plus appropriate share

of labour and overheads

iv) Employee benefi ts

Company’s contributions paid/ payable during the year to provident fund, superannuation fund, and Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) are recognized in the profi t and loss account. In respect of certain employees, provident fund contributions are made to a Trust administered by the Company. The interest rate payable to the members of this Trust shall not be lower than the statutory rate of interest declared by the Central Government under the Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 and shortfall, if any, shall be made good by the Company. The remaining contributions are made to a government administered provident fund towards which the Company has no further obligations beyond its monthly contributions.

Defined benefi ts and other long term employee benefi ts are provided on the basis of an actuarial valuation made at the end of each accounting year. Actuarial gains or loss arising from such valuation are charged to revenue in the year in which they arise.

v) Research and development

Revenue expenditure on research and development is expensed off under the respective heads of account in the year in which it is incurred. Expenditure, which results in creation of capital assets, is treated in the same way as expenditure on the fi xed assets.

vi) Revenue recognition

Sales are recognised at the point of despatch of goods to customers and include excise duty but exclude sales taxes/value added taxes.

vii) Investments

Long term investments are stated at cost as reduced by diminution in value. Current investments are valued at lower of cost and fair value.

viii) Foreign currency transactions

Foreign currency transactions are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the date of the transactions. Monetary items (assets and liabilities) denominated in foreign currency are translated into rupees at the exchange rates prevailing on the balance sheet date.

Premium paid on Forward cover is amortised over the period of cover. Exchange differences on such contracts are recognised in profi t and loss in the year in which the exchange rate change arises. Exchange differences on translation of foreign currency assets and liabilities and realised gains and losses on foreign exchange transactions are recognised in the profi t and loss account.

ix) Provision for warranty

Provision for warranty has been computed on the total sales made during the year, based on past experience.

x) Taxation

The provision for taxation for the year ended December 31, 2009 comprises the residual tax liability for the assessment year 2009-10 relevant to the year April 1, 2008 to March 31, 2009 and the liability, which has accrued on the profi t for the period April 1, 2009 to December 31, 2009, under the provisions of the Income tax Act, 1961.

Deferred tax is recognised, subject to the consideration of prudence, on timing differences, being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax assets are recognised on unabsorbed depreciation and carried forward of losses based on virtual certainty that suffi cient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised.

xi) Provisions and contingent liabilities

Provisions involving substantial degree of estimation in measurement are recognised when there is a present obligation as a result of past events and is probable that there will be an out fl ow of resources. Contingent liabilities are not recognised but are disclosed in the notes.

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