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Accounting Policies of Photon Capital Advisors Ltd. Company

Mar 31, 2014

1 Basis of preparation

The financial statements of the company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in India (Indian GAAP). The company has prepared these financial statements to comply in all material respects with the accounting standards issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

2 Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with GAAP, requires that the management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities as at the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognized prospectively in current and future periods.

3 Tangible fixed assets

Fixed assets are stated at their original cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Cost comprises the purchase price and any other attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use. Capital work in progress includes advances paid to acquire fixed assets and cost of assets not ready for intended use before the balance sheet date.

4 Intangible assets

Portfolio Management Fees are amortized on straight line basis over their expected useful life in line with Accounting Standard 26 "Intangible Assets" issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

5 Depreciation on tangible fixed assets

Depreciation on assets is provided on straight-line method at the rates and in the manner specified in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956 except for lease hold improvement which are depreciated over the period of lease.

Depreciation on fixed assets added / disposed off during the year is provided on pro-rata basis with reference to the month of addition / disposal. Individual assets costing less than Rs. 5,000 are depreciated in full in the year of purchase.

6 Leases

(i) Assets acquired under lease where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such leases are capitalized at the inception of lease at lower of the fair value and present value of minimum lease payments.

(ii) Assets acquired under lease where the significant portion of risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lesser are classified as operating lease. Lease rentals are charged to profit and loss account on accrual basis.

7 Impairment of tangible and intangible assets

The company assesses at each reporting date whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the company estimates the asset''s recoverable amount. An asset''s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset''s or cash-generating unit''s (CGU) net selling price and its value in use. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. Where the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining net selling price, recent market transactions are taken into account, if available. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.

An assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognized impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the company estimates the asset''s or cash- generating unit''s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset''s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit and loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.

8 Investments

Investments, which are readily realizable and intended to be held for not more than one year from the date on which such investments are made, are classified as current investments. All other investments are classified as long-term investments.

(i) Long term investments are carried at cost. Diminution in the value of investments, other than temporary, is provided

(ii) Current investments are carried at lower of cost and fair value

(iii) Unlisted and not-actively traded investments are stated at their cost of acquisition less provision for diminution in the value.

9 Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the company and the revenue can be reliably measured. The following specific recognition criteria must also be met before revenue is recognized:

a Income from services

Revenues from maintenance contracts are recognized pro-rata over the period of the contract as and when services are rendered. The company collects service tax on behalf of the government and, therefore, it is not an economic benefit flowing to the company. Hence, it is excluded from revenue.

b Interest

Interest income is recognized on a time proportion basis taking in to account the amount outstanding and the applicable interest rate. Interest income is included under the head "other income" in the statement of profit and loss.

c Dividends

Dividend income is recognized when the company''s right to receive dividend is established by the reporting date.

10 Foreign currency transactions

The transactions in foreign currency are accounted at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and monetary liabilities at the balance sheet date are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing on that date. The exchange difference arising from foreign currency transactions and premium on forward contracts are amortized as expenses or income over the life of the contract.

11 Retirement and other employee benefits

a Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits including salaries, social security contributions, short term compensated absences (such as paid annual leave) where the absences are expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related employee service, profit sharing and bonuses payable within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related services and non monetary benefits (such as medical care) for current employees are estimated and measured on an undiscounted basis.

b Defined contribution plans

Company''s contributions paid/payable during the year are recognized in the Profit and Loss Account.

c Defined benefit plans

The Company provides for gratuity in accordance with the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, a defined benefit retirement plan (the Plan) covering all employees. The plan, subject to the provisions of the above Act, provides a lump sum payment to eligible employees at retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment, of an amount based on the respective employee''s salary and the tenure of employment. Gratuity liability is accrued and provided for on the basis of an actuarial valuation on projected unit credit method made at the end of each financial year. Actuarial gains/losses are immediately taken to profit and loss account and are not deferred.

12 Income taxes

a Income tax

Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current income-tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the tax authorities in accordance with the Income-tax Act, 1961 enacted in India and tax laws prevailing in the respective tax jurisdictions where the company operates. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date. Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in the statement of profit and loss.Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of timing differences between taxable income and accounting income originating during the current year and reversal of timing differences for the earlier years. Deferred tax is measured using the tax ratesand the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Deferred income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in the statement of profit and loss.

b Deferred tax

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable timing differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible timing differences only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realized. In situations where the company has unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward tax losses, all deferred tax assets are recognized only if there is virtual certainty supported by convincing evidence that they can be realized against future taxable profits.

13 Segment reporting

Identification of segments

The Company''s business is organized in two segments - Financial services and Investment services. Accordingly, these divisions comprise the primary basis of segment information. The Company caters to Indian markets and as such there are no reportable geographical segments. All the assets are also located in India.

The generally accepted accounting principles used in the preparation of the financial statements are applied to record revenue and expenditure in individual segments Revenue and direct expenses in relation to segments are categorized based on items that are individually identifiable to that segment, while other costs, wherever allocable, is apportioned to the segments on an appropriate basis. Certain expenses are not specifically allocable to individual segments as the underlying services are used inter changeably. The Company believes that it is not practicable to provide segment disclosures relating to such expenses, and accordingly such expenses are separately disclosed as ''unallocated'' and directly charged to total income.

14 Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders (after deducting preference dividends and attributable taxes) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Partly paid equity shares are treated as a fraction of an equity share to the extent that they are entitled to participate in dividends relative to a fully paid equity share during the reporting period.

15 Provisions

A provision is recognized when the company has a present obligation as a result of past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are not discounted to their present value and are determined based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the reporting date. These estimates are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

16 Contingent liabilities

A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control of the company or a present obligation that is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognised because it cannot be measured reliably. The company does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.

17 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents for the purposes of cash flow statement comprise cash at bank and in hand and short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less.

18 Derivative instruments

In accordance with the ICAI announcement, derivative contracts, other than foreign currency forward contracts covered under AS 11, are marked to market on a portfolio basis, and the net loss, if any, after considering the offsetting effect of gain on the underlying hedged item, is charged to the statement of profit and loss. Net gain, if any, after considering the offsetting effect of loss on the underlying hedged item, is ignored.

19 Measurement of EBITDA

As permitted by the Guidance Note on the Revised Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956, the company has elected to present earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) as a separate line item on the face of the statement of profit and loss. The company measures EBITDA on the basis of profit/ (loss) from continuing operations. In its measurement, the company does not include depreciation and amortization expense, finance costs and tax expense.


Mar 31, 2012

1. Basis of preparation

The financial statements of the company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in India (Indian GAAP). The company has prepared these financial statements to comply in all material respects with the accounting stand

2. Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with GAAP, requires that the management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities as at the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognized prospectively in current and future periods.

3. Tangible fixed assets

Fixed assets are stated at their original cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Cost comprises the purchase price and any other attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use. Capital work in progress includes advances paid to acquire fixed assets and cost of assets not ready for intended use before the balance sheet date.

4. Intangible assets

Portfolio Management Fees are amortized on straight line basis over their expected useful life in line with Accounting Standard 26 "Intangible Assets" issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

5. Depreciation on tangible fixed assets

Depreciation on assets is provided on straight-line method at the rates and in the manner specified in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956 except for lease hold improvement which are depreciated over the period of lease.

Depreciation on fixed assets added / disposed off during the year is provided on pro-rata basis with reference to the month of addition / disposal. Individual assets costing less than Rs. 5,000 are depreciated in full in the year of purchase.

6. Leases

(i) Assets acquired under lease where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such leases are capitalized at the inception of lease at lower of the fair value and present value of minimum lease payments.

(ii) Assets acquired under lease where the significant portion of risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating lease. Lease rentals are charged to Statement of profit and loss on accrual basis.

7. Impairment of tangible and intangible assets

The company assesses at each reporting date whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the company estimates the asset's recoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's or cash-generating unit's (CGU) net selling price and its value in use. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. Where the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining net selling price, recent market transactions are taken into account, if available. If no suchtransactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.

An assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognized impairmentlosses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the company estimates the asset's or cash- generating unit's recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a changein the assumptions used to determine the asset's recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. Thereversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed thecarrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for theasset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit and loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.

8. Investments

Investments, which are readily realizable and intended to be held for not more than one year from the date on which such investments are made, are classified as current investments. All other investments are classified as long-term investments.

(i) Long term investments are carried at cost. Diminution in the value of investments, other than temporary, is provided for

(ii) Current investments are carried at lower of cost and fair value

(iii) Unlisted and not-actively traded investments are stated at their cost of acquisition less provision for diminution in the value.

9. Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the company and the revenue can be reliably measured. The following specific recognition criteria must also be met before revenue is recognized:

a) Income from services

Revenues from maintenance contracts are recognized pro-rata over the period of the contract as and when services are rendered. The company collects service tax on behalf of the government and, therefore, it is not an economic benefit flowing to the company. Hence, it is excluded from revenue.

b) Interest

Interest income is recognized on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the applicable interest rate. Interest income is included under the head "other income" in the statement of profit and loss.

c) Dividends

Dividend income is recognized when the company's right to receive dividend is established by the reporting date.

10. Foreign currency transactions

The transactions in foreign currency are accounted at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and monetary liabilities at the balance sheet date are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing on that date. The exchange difference arising from foreign currency transactions and premium on forward contracts are amortized as expenses or income over the life of the contract.

11. Retirement and other employee benefits

a) Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits including salaries, social security contributions, short term compensated absences (such as paid annual leave) where the absences are expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related employee service, profit sharing and bonuses payable within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related services and non monetary benefits (such as medical care) for current employees are estimated and measured on an undiscounted basis.

b) Defined contribution plans

Company's contributions paid/payable during the year are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

c) Defined benefit plans

The Company provides for gratuity in accordance with the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, a defined benefit retirement plan (the Plan) covering all employees. The plan, subject to the provisions of the above Act, provides a lump sum payment to eligible employees at retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment, of an amount based on the respective employee's salary and the tenure of employment. Gratuity liability is accrued and provided for on the basis of an actuarial valuation on projected unit credit method made at the end of each financial year. Actuarial gains/losses are immediately taken to Statement of profit and loss and are not deferred.

12. Income taxes

a) Income tax

Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current income-tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the tax authorities in accordance with the Income-tax Act, 1961 enacted in India and tax laws prevailing in the respective tax jurisdictions where the company operates. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date. Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equityis recognized in equity and not in the statement of profit and loss.Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of timing differences between taxable income and accounting income originating during the current year and reversal of timing differences for the earlier years. Deferred tax is measured using the tax ratesand the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Deferred income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in the statement of profit and loss.

b) Deferred tax

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable timing differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible timing differences only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will beavailable against which such deferred tax assets can be realized. In situations where the company has unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward tax losses, all deferred tax assets are recognized only if there is virtual certainty supported by convincing evidence that they can be realized against future taxable profits.

c) Fringe benefit tax

Fringe benefit tax is determined at current applicable rates on expense falling within the ambit of 'Fringe benefit' as defined under the Income Tax Act, 1961.

13. Segment reporting Identification of segments

The Company's business is organized in two segments - Financial services and Investment services. Accordingly, these divisions comprise the primary basis of segment information. The Company caters to Indian markets and as such there are no reportable geographical segments. All the assets are also located in India.

The generally accepted accounting principles used in the preparation of the financial statements are applied to record revenue and expenditure in individual segments

Revenue and direct expenses in relation to segments are categorized based on items that are individually identifiable to that segment, while other costs, wherever allocable, is apportioned to the segments on an appropriate basis. Certain expenses are not specifically allocable to individual segments as the underlying services are used interchangeably. The Company believes that it is not practicable to provide segment disclosures relating to such expenses, and accordingly such expenses are separately disclosed as 'unallocated' and directly charged to total income.

14. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders (after deducting preference dividends and attributable taxes) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Partly paid equity shares are treated as a fraction of an equity share to the extent that theyare entitled to participate in dividends relative to a fully paid equity share during the reporting period.

15. Provisions

A provision is recognized when the company has a present obligation as a result of past event, it is probable that outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can bemade of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are not discounted to their present value and are determined based onthe best estimate required to settle the obligation at the reporting date. These estimates are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

16. Contingent liabilities

A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by theoccurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control of the company or a present obligation that is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognized because it cannot be

measured reliably. The company does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existencein the financial statements.

17. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents for the purposes of cash flow statement comprise cash at bank and in hand and short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less.

18. Derivative instruments

In accordance with the ICAI announcement, derivative contracts, other than foreign currency forward contracts covered under AS 11, are marked to market on a portfolio basis, and the net loss, if any, after considering the offsetting effect of gain on the underlying hedged item, is charged to the statement of profit and loss. Net gain, if any, after considering the offsetting effect of loss on the underlying hedged item, is ignored.

19. Measurement of EBITDA

As permitted by the Guidance Note on the Revised Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956, the company has elected to present earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) as a separate line item on the face of the statement of profit and loss. The company measures EBITDA on the basis of profit/ (loss) from continuing operations. In its measurement, the company does not include depreciation and amortization expense, finance costs and tax expense.


Mar 31, 2010

(a) Basis of accounting and preparation of financial statements

The Company adopts the historical cost concept and accrual basis in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for the preparation of its accounts and complies with accounting standards issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 1956.

(b) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with GAAP, requires that the management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities as at the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognized prospectively in current and future periods.

(c) Fixed assets and capital work in progress

Fixed assets are stated at their original cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Cost comprises the purchase price and any other attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use. Capital work in progress includes advances paid to acquire fixed assets and cost of assets not ready for intended use before the balance sheet date.

(d) Intangibles

Portfolio Management Fees are amortized on straight line basis over their expected useful life in line with Accounting Standard 26 "Intangible Assets" issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

(e) Depreciation

Depreciation on assets is provided on straight-line method at the rates and in the manner specified in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956 except for lease hold improvement which are depreciated over the period of lease.

Depreciation on fixed assets added / disposed off during the year is provided on pro-rata basis with reference to the month of addition / disposal. Individual assets costing less than Rs. 5,000 are depreciated in full in the year of purchase.

(f) Impairment of assets

The Company assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any indication that an asset, including intangible, may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. If such recoverable amount of the asset or the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. The reduction is treated as an impairment loss and is recognized in the profit and loss account.

(g) Leases

(i) Assets acquired under lease where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such leases are capitalized at the inception of lease at lower of the fair value and present value of minimum lease payments.

(ii) Assets acquired under lease where the significant portion of risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating lease. Lease rentals are charged to profit and loss account on accrual basis.

(h) Investments

(i) Long term investments are carried at cost. Diminution in the value of investments, other than temporary, is provided for

(ii) Current investments are carried at lower of cost and fair value

(iii) Unlisted and not-actively traded investments are stated at their cost of acquisition less provision for diminution in the value

(i) Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured

(i) Revenue from services

Revenue from services rendered is recognized as the service is performed based on terms of agreements / arrangements with the concerned parties

(ii) Interest

Revenue is recognized on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable.

(iii) Dividends

Dividend income is recognized when the right to receive payment is established

(j) Foreign currency transactions

The transactions in foreign currency are accounted at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and monetary liabilities at the balance sheet date are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing on that date. The exchange difference arising from foreign currency transactions and premium on forward contracts are amortized as expenses or income over the life of the contract.

(k) Taxes on income

(i) Current taxation

Provision for current tax is made based on the tax liability computed after considering tax allowances and exemptions.

(ii) Fringe benefit tax

Fringe benefit tax is determined at current applicable rates on expense falling within the ambit of Fringe benefit as defined under the Income Tax Act, 1961.

(iii) Deferred taxation

Deferred income tax is provided on all timing differences at the balance sheet date between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount for financial reporting purpose.

Deferred tax assets are recognized only if there is a reasonable or virtual certainty, as may be applicable, that sufficient future taxable income will be available, against which they can be realized. The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable income will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized.

(l) Retirement benefits

(i) Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits including salaries, social security contributions, short term compensated absences (such as paid annual leave) where the absences are expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related employee service, profit sharing and bonuses payable within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related services and non monetary benefits (such as medical care) for current employees are estimated and measured on an undiscounted basis.

(ii) Defined contribution plans

Companys contributions paid/payable during the year are recognized in the Profit and Loss Account.

(iii) Defined benefit plans

The Company provides for gratuity in accordance with the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, a defined benefit retirement plan (the Plan) covering all employees. The plan, subject to the provisions of the above Act, provides a lump sum payment to eligible employees at retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of

employment, of an amount based on the respective employees salary and the tenure of employment. Gratuity liability is accrued and provided for on the basis of an actuarial valuation on projected unit credit method made at the end of each financial year. Actuarial gains/losses are immediately taken to profit and loss account and are not deferred.

(m) Provisions and contingent liabilities

A provision is recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past events, for which it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions are reviewed regularly and are adjusted where necessary to reflect the current best estimate of the obligation. When the Company expects a provision to be reimbursed, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset only when reimbursement is virtually certain.

A disclosure for contingent liabilities is made where there is a possible obligation or a present obligation that may probably not require an outflow of resources. When there is a possible or a present obligation where the likelihood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made.

Operating leases

In respect of buildings occupied as tenant, the aggregate lease rental is charged as rent in the profit and loss account. There are no minimum lease payments.

Defined benefit plan

The following tables summaries the components of net benefit expense recognized in the profit and loss account and the funded status and amounts recognized in the balance sheet for the respective plans

The fund is administered by Life Insurance Corporation of India ("LIC"). The overall expected rate of return on assets is determined based on the market prices prevailing on that date, applicable to the period over which the obligation is to be settled. The information on the allocation of the fund into major asset classes and expected return on each major class are not readily available. We understand that LICs overall portfolio of assets is well diversified and as such, the long-term return on the policy is expected to be higher than the rate of return on Central Government bonds.

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