Accounting Policies of Supra Pacific Financial Services Ltd. Company

Mar 31, 2024

1 Corporate Information

Supra Pacific Management Consultancy Limited (Supra Pacific or ''the Company'') is a public limited company domiciled in India and incorporated on 12th April 1986 in Mumbai,Maharashtra. Its shares are listed on BSE Limited. The Company is a Non-Banking Finance Company (''NBFC’),which provides a wide range of fund based services including two wheeler loans, gold loans, Micro finance etc. The Company is a Non-Systemically Important Non-Deposit taking NBFC(NBFC-ND). The Company is registered with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

The registration details are as follows:

Reserve Bank of India Registration no : 13. 01238 Corporate Identity Number (CIN) : L74140MH1986PLC039547

2 Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (''the Act'') read together with the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2021, as amended from time to time, other relevant provisions of the Act and the RBI guidelines/regulations to the extent applicable on an accrual basis.

The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for certain financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value.

The financial statements are presented in INR, which is also the Company''s functional currency and all values are rounded to the nearest Lakh, except when otherwise indicated.

3 Presentation of financial statement

The Company presents its balance sheet in order of liquidity. An analysis regarding recovery or settlement within 12 months after the reporting date (current) and more than 12 months after the reporting date (non-current) is presented separately. Financial assets and financial liability are generally reported gross in the balance sheet. They are only offset and reported net when, in addition to having an unconditional legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts without being contingent on a future event, the parties also intend to settle on a net basis in all of the following circumstances:

i. The normal course of business

ii. The event of default

iii. The event of insolvency or bankruptcy of the Company and/or its counterparties.

The Balance Sheet and the Statement of Profit and Loss are prepared and presented in the format prescribed in the Schedule III to the Act. The Statement of Cash Flows has been prepared and presented as per the requirements of Ind AS 7 “Statement of Cash Flows".

4 Statement of compliance

These separate financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended and notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 and the generally accepted accounting principles as referred to in paragraph 2 "Basis of Preparation" above.

Significant accounting policies (also refer to note 2 above)

5.1 Financial instruments

(i) Classification of financial instruments

The Company classifies its financial assets into the following measurement categories:

1. Financial assets to be measured at amortised cost

2. Financial assets to be measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

3. Financial assets to be measured at fair value through profit or loss account

The classification depends on the contractual terms of the financial assets'' cash flows and the Company''s business model for managing financial assets.

The Company determines its business model at the level that best reflects how it manages groups of financial assets to achieve its business objective.The business model is assessed on the basis of aggregated portfolios based on observable factors. These factors include:

? Reports reviewed by the entity''s key management personnel on the performance of the financial assets

? The risks impacting the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and its management thereof

? The compensation of the managing teams (for example, whether the compensation is based on the fair value of the assets managed or on the contractual cash flows collected)

? The expected frequency, value and timing of trades.

The business model assessment is based on reasonably expected scenarios without taking ''worst case'' or ''stress case'' scenarios into account.

The Company also assesses the contractual terms of financial assets on the basis of its contractual cash flow characteristics that are solely for the payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

''Principal''s defined as the fair value of the financial asset at initial recognition and may change over the life of the financial asset (for example, if there are repayments of principal or amortisation of the premium/discount).

In making this assessment, the Company considers whether the contractual cash flows are consistent with a basic lending arrangement i.e. interest includes only consideration for the time value of money, credit risk, other basic lending risks and a profit margin that is consistent with a basic lending arrangement. Where the contractual terms introduce exposure to risk or volatility that are inconsistent with a basic lending arrangement, the related financial asset is classified and measured at fair value through profit or loss.

The Company classifies its financial liabilities at amortised costs unless it has designated liabilities at fair value through the profit and loss account or is required to measure liabilities at fair value through profit or loss such as derivative liabilities.

(ii) Financial assets measured at amortised cost

These Financial assets comprise bank balances, loans, investments in debt securities and other financial assets.

Financial Assets with contractual terms that give rise to cash flows onspecified dates, and represent solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding; and are held within a business model whose objective is achieved by holding to collect contractual cash flows are measured at amortised cost.

These financial assets are initially recognised at fair value plus directly attributable transaction costs and subsequently measured at amortised cost. Transaction costs are incremental costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, issue or disposal of a financial asset or a financial liability.

(iii) Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income Debt instruments

Investments in debt instruments are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income where they have:

a) contractual terms that give rise to cash flows on specified dates, that represent solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding; and

b) are held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets.

These debt instruments are initially recognised at fair value plus directly attributable transaction costs and subsequently measured at fair value. Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are included in other comprehensive income (a separate component of equity). Impairment losses or reversals, interest revenue and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in profit and loss. Upon disposal, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to the statement of profit and loss. As at the reporting date the Company does not have any financial instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.

Equity instruments

Investment in equity instruments are generally accounted for as at fair value through the profit and loss account unless an irrevocable election has been made by management to account for at fair value through other comprehensive income Such classification is determined on an instrument-by-instrument basis.

(iv) Items at fair value through profit or loss Items at fair value through profit or loss comprise:

• Investments (including equity shares) held for trading;

• Items specifically designated as fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition; and

• debt instruments with contractual terms that do not represent solely payments of principal and interest.

Financial instruments held at fair value through profit or loss are initially recognised at fair value, with transaction costs recognised in the statement of profit and loss as incurred. Subsequently, they are measured at fair value and any gains or losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as they arise.

(v) Financial instruments held for trading

A financial instrument is classified as held for trading if it is acquired or incurred principally for selling or repurchasing in the near term, or forms part of a portfolio of financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of short-term profit taking, or it is a derivative not designated in a qualifying hedge relationship.

Trading derivatives and trading securities are classified as held for trading and recognised at fair value.

(vi) Debt securities and other borrowed funds

After initial measurement, debt issued and other borrowed funds are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on issue funds, and transaction costs that are an integral part of the Effective Interest Rate (EIR).

(vii) Recognition and derecognition of financial assets and liabilities

A financial asset or financial liability is recognised in the balance sheet when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument, which is generally on trade date. Loans and receivables are recognised when cash is advanced (or settled) to the borrowers. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognised initially at fair value. All other financial assets are recognised initially at fair value plus directly attributable transaction costs.

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual cash flows from the asset expire or it transfers its rights to receive contractual cash flows on the financial asset in a transaction in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred. Any interest in transferred financial assets that is created or retained by the Company is recognised as a separate asset or liability. A financial liability is derecognised from the balance sheet when the Company has discharged its obligation or the contract is cancelled or expires.

(viii) Impairment of financial assets

The Company recognises impairment allowance for expected credit loss on financial assets held at amortised cost.

The Company recognises loss allowances (provisions) for expected credit losses on its financial assets (including non-fund exposures) that are measured at amortised costs or at fair value through other comprehensive income account.

The Company applies a three-stage approach to measuring expected credit losses (ECLs) for the following categories of financial assets that are not measured at fair value through profit or loss:

• debt instruments measured at amortised cost and fair value through other comprehensive income;

• loan commitments.

No ECL is recognised on equity investments.

Financial assets migrate through the following three stages based on the change in credit risk since initial recognition:

Stage 1: 12-months ECL

For exposures where there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition and that are not credit impaired upon origination, the portion of the lifetime ECL associated with the probability of default events occurring within the next 12 months is recognised. Stage 2: Lifetime ECL - not credit impaired

For exposures where there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition but are not credit impaired, a lifetime ECL (i.e. reflecting the remaining lifetime of the financial asset) is recognised.

Stage 3: Lifetime ECL - credit impaired

Exposures are assessed as credit impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of that asset have occurred. For exposures that have become credit impaired, a lifetime ECL is recognised and interest revenue is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the amortised cost (net of provision) rather than the gross carrying amount.

Determining the stage for impairment

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk for exposures since initial recognition by comparing the risk of default occurring over the expected life between the reporting date and the date of initial recognition. The Company considers reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort for this purpose.

This includes quantitative and qualitative information and also, forward-looking analysis.

An exposure will migrate through the ECL stages as asset quality deteriorates. If, in a subsequent period, asset quality improves and also reverses any previously assessed significant increase in credit risk since origination, then the loss allowances reverts from lifetime ECL to 12-months ECL.

The loss allowances for these financial assets is based on a 12-months ECL.

When an asset is uncollectible, it is written off against the related allowance. Such assets are written off after all the necessary procedures have been completed and the amount of the loss has been determined. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off reduce the amount of the allowances in the profit and loss statement.

The Company assesses whether the credit risk on an exposure has increased significantly on an individual or collective basis. For the purposes of a collective evaluation of impairment, financial instruments are grouped on the basis of shared credit risk characteristics, taking into account instrument type, credit risk ratings, date of initial recognition, remaining term to maturity, industry, geographical location of the borrower and other relevant factors.

Measurement of ECLs

ECLs are derived from unbiased and probability-weighted estimates of expected loss, and are measured as follows:

• Financial assets that are not credit-impaired at the reporting date: as the present value of all cash shortfalls over the expected life of the financial asset discounted by the effective interest rate. The cash shortfall is the difference between the cash flows due to the Company in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive. The Company has grouped its various financial assets in to pools containing loans bearing homogeneous risks characteristics. The probability of default for the pools are computed based on the historical trends, adjusted for any forward looking factors. Similarly the Company computes the Loss Given Default based on the recovery rates.

• Financial assets that are credit-impaired at the reporting date: as the difference between the gross carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted by the effective interest rate.

• Undrawn loan commitments: as the present value of the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Company if the commitment is drawn down and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive.

• Financial guarantee contracts: as the expected payments to reimburse the holder less any amounts that the Company expects to recover.

ECL on Debt instruments measured at fair value through OCI

The ECLs for debt instruments measured at FVOCI do not reduce the carrying amount of these financial assets in the balance sheet, which remains at fair value. Instead, an amount equal to the allowance that would arise if the assets were measured at amortised cost is recognised in OCI as an accumulated impairment amount, with a corresponding charge to profit or loss. The accumulated loss recognised in OCI is recycled to the profit and loss upon derecognition of the assets. As at the reporting date the Company does not have any debt instruments measured at fair value through OCI.

Collateral Valuation

To mitigate its credit risks on financial assets, the Company seeks to use collateral, where possible. The collateral comes in various forms, such as movable and immovable assets, guarantees, , etc. However, the fair value of collateral affects the calculation of ECLs. To the extent possible, the Company uses active market data for valuing financial assets held as collateral. Other financial assets which do not have readily determinable market values are valued using models. Non-financial collateral, such as vehicles, is valued based on data provided by third parties or management judgements.

Collateral repossessed

In its normal course of business whenever default occurs, the Company may take possession of properties or other assets in its retail portfolio and generally disposes such assets through auction, to settle outstanding debt. Any surplus funds are returned to the customers/obligors. As a result of this practice, assets under legal repossession processes are not recorded on the balance sheet.

(ix) Write-offs

The Company reduces the gross carrying amount of a financial asset when the Company has no reasonable expectations of recovering a financial asset in its entirety or a portion thereof. This is generally the case when the Company determines that the borrower does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subjected to write-offs. Any subsequent recoveries against such loans are credited to the statement of profit and loss.

(x) Determination of fair value

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Financial assets and liabilities are presented in ascending order of their liquidity. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these financial statements is determined on such a basis, except for share-based payment transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 102, leasing transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 17, and measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are not fair value, such as value in use in Ind AS 36.

In addition, for financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorised into Level 1, 2, or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows:

• Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date;

• Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability ,either directly or indirectly; and

• Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The Company recognises transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period during which the change has occurred. No such instances of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy were recorded during the reporting period.

Difference between transaction price and fair value at initial recognition

The best evidence of the fair value of a financial instrument at initial recognition is the transaction price (i.e. the fair value of the consideration given or received) unless the fair value of that instrument is evidenced by comparison with other observable current market transactions in the same instrument (i.e. without modification or repackaging) or based on a valuation technique whose variables include only data from observable markets. When such evidence exists, the Company recognises the difference between the transaction price and the fair value in profit or loss on initial recognition (i.e. on day one).

When the transaction price of the instrument differs from the fair value at origination and the fair value is based on a valuation technique using only inputs observable in market transactions, the Company recognises the difference between the transaction price and fair value in net gain on fair value changes. In those cases where fair value is based on models for which some of the inputs are not observable, the difference between the transaction price and the fair value is deferred and is only recognised in profit or loss when the inputs become observable, or when the instrument is derecognised.

5.2 Revenue from operations

(i) Interest Income

Interest income is recognised by applying the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) to the gross carrying amount of financial assets measured through amortised cost method.

The EIR in case of a financial asset is computed

a. As the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset.

b. By considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument in estimating the cash flows

c. Including all fees received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts.

Any subsequent changes in the estimation of the future cash flows is recognised in interest income with the corresponding adjustment to the carrying amount of the assets.

(ii) Fees & Commission Income

Fees and commissions other than those which forms part of EIR are recognised when the Company satisfies the performance obligation, at fair value of the consideration received or receivable based on a five-step model as set out below:

Step 1: Identify contract(s) with a customer: A contract is defined as an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations and sets out the criteria for every contract that must be met.

Step 2: Identify performance obligations in the contract: A performance obligation is a promise in a contract with a customer to transfer a good or service to the customer.

Step 3: Determine the transaction price: The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties.

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract: For a contract that has more than one performance obligation, the Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation in an amount that depicts the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for satisfying each performance obligation.

Step 5: Recognise revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Processing fee which is not form part of effective interest rate has been recognised as and when it is accrue.

(iii) Net gain on Fair value changes

Any differences between the fair values of financial assets classified as fair value through the profit or loss, held by the Company on the balance sheet date is recognised as an unrealised gain / loss. In cases there is a net gain in the aggregate, the same is recognised in “Net gains on fair value changes" under Revenue from operations and if there is a net loss the same is disclosed under “Expenses" in the statement of Profit and Loss. Similarly, any realised gain or loss on sale of financial instruments measured at FVTPL and debt instruments measured at FVOCI is recognised in net gain / loss on fairvalue changes. As at the reporting date the Company does not have any financial instruments measured at FVTPL and debt instruments measured at FVOCI.

However, net gain / loss on derecognition of financial instruments classified as amortised cost is presented separately under the respective head in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

5.3 Expenses

(i) Finance costs

Finance costs represents Interest expense recognised by applying the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) to the gross carrying amount of financial liabilities other than financial liabilities classified as FVTPL.

The EIR in case of a financial liability is computed

a. As the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments through the expected life of the financial liability to the gross carrying amount of the amortised cost of a financial liability.

b. By considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument in estimating the cash flows

c. Including all fees paid between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts.

Any subsequent changes in the estimation of the future cash flows is recognised in interest income with the corresponding adjustment to the carrying amount of the assets.

Interest expense includes issue costs that are initially recognized as part of the carrying value of the financial liability and amortized over the expected life using the effective interest method. These include fees and commissions payable to advisers and other expenses such as external legal costs, Rating Fee etc, provided these are incremental costs that are directly related to the issue of a financial liability.

(ii) Retirement and other employee benefits Short term employee benefit

All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering the service are classified as short-term employee benefits. These benefits include short term compensated absences such as paid annual leave. The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognised as an expense during the period. Benefits such as salaries and wages, etc. and the expected cost of the bonus/ex-gratia are recognised in the period in which the employee renders the related service.

Post-employment employee benefits Defined contribution schemes

All the employees of the Company are entitled to receive benefits under the Provident Fund and Employees State Insurance scheme, defined contribution plans in which both the employee and the Company contribute monthly at a stipulated rate. The Company has no liability for future benefits other than its annual contribution and recognises such contributions as an expense in the period in which employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the Balance Sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognised as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the Balance Sheet date, then excess is recognised as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

Defined Benefit schemes

The Company provides for the gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering all employees. The plan provides for lump sum payments to employees upon death while in employment or on separation from employment after serving for the stipulated years mentioned under ''The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972''. The present value of the obligation under such defined benefit plan is determined based on actuarial valuation, carried out by an independent actuary at each Balance Sheet date, using the Projected Unit Credit Method, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to an additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.

The obligation is measured at the present value of the estimated future cash flows. The discount rates used for determining the present value of the obligation under defined benefit plan are based on the market yields on Government Securities as at the Balance Sheet date.

Net interest recognized in profit or loss is calculated by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The actual return on the plan assets above or below the discount rate is recognized as part of re-measurement of net defined liability or asset through other comprehensive income. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, attrition rate, future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, these liabilities are highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed annually.

Re-measurement, comprising of actuarial gains and losses and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Re-measurements are not reclassified to profit and loss in subsequent periods.

Other long-term employee benefits

Company''s liabilities towards compensated absences to employees are accrued on the basis of valuations, as at the Balance Sheet date, carried out by an independent actuary using Projected Unit Credit Method. Actuarial gains and losses comprise experience adjustments and the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions and are recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

The Company presents the Provision for compensated absences under provisions in the Balance Sheet.

(iii) Other income and expenses

All Other income and expense are recognized in the period they occur.

(iv) Impairment of non-financial assets

The carrying amount of assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date if there is any indication of impairment based on internal/external factors. An impairment loss is recognized wherever the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the assets, net selling price and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and risks specific to the asset.

In determining net selling price, recent market transactions are taken into account, if available. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. After impairment, depreciation is provided on the revised carrying amount of the asset over its remaining useful life.

(v) Taxes Current Tax

Current tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior years are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from, or paid to, the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted, or substantively enacted, by the reporting date in the countries where the Company operates and generates taxable income.

Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognised for temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax assets are only recognised for temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits if it is probable that future taxable amounts will arise to utilise those temporary differences and losses. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset where there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities are realised simultaneously.

Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT)

Minimum alternate tax (MAT) paid in a year is charged to the statement of profit and loss as current tax. The Company recognizes MAT credit available as an asset only to the extent that it is probable that the Company will pay normal income tax during the specified period, i.e., the period for which MAT credit is allowed to be carried forward. In the year in which the Company recognizes MAT credit as an asset in accordance with the Guidance Note on Accounting for Credit Available in respect of Minimum Alternative Tax under the Income-tax Act, 1961, the said asset is created by way of credit to the statement of profit and loss and shown as “MAT Credit Entitlement." The Company reviews the MAT Credit Entitlement asset at each reporting date and writes down the asset to the extent the Company does not have convincing evidence that it will pay normal tax during the specified period.

Goods and services tax /value added taxes paid on acquisition of assets or on incurring expenses Expenses and assets are recognised net of the goods and services tax/value added taxes paid, except:

i. When the tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the tax paid is recognised as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable

ii. When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of tax included

The net amount of tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the balance sheet.

5.4 Fore ign curre ncy translation

(i) Functional and presentational currency

The standalone financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees which is also functional currency of the Company and the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates.

(ii) Transactions and balances Initial recognition:

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Conversion:

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency, which are outstanding as at the reporting date, are translated at the reporting date at the closing exchange rate and the resultant exchange differences are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Non-monetary items that are measured at historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the spot exchange rates as at the date of recognition.

5.5 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise the net amount of short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash (short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less) and are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value, cheques on hand and balances with banks. They are held for the purposes of meeting short-term cash commitments (rather than for investment or other purposes).

For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short- term deposits, as defined above.

5.6 Property, Plant and equipment (PPE)

Property, plant and equipment (PPE) are measured atcost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, (if any). The total cost of assets comprises its purchase price, freight, duties, taxes and any other incidental expenses directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by the management. Changes in the expected useful life are accounted for by changing the amortisation period or methodology, as appropriate, and treated as changes in accounting estimates. Subsequent expenditure related to an item of tangible asset are added to its gross value only if it increases the future benefits of the existing asset, beyond its previously assessed standards of performance and cost can be measured reliably. Other repairs and maintenance costs are expensed off as and when incurred.

Depreciation is calculated using the Straight Line Method (SLM) to write down the cost of property and equipment to their residual values over their estimated useful lives. Land is not depreciated.

The estimated useful lives are, as follows:

Particulars	Useful life estimated by Company
Computer
- End User equipment	3 years
- Server	6 years
Furniture & Fixtures
- Safe and strong rooms	10 years
Office Equipment	5 years
Electrical fittings	10 years
Buildings	30 years
Vehicles	10 years
Plant & Equipment	15 years

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

Property plant and equipment is derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is recognised in other income / expense in the statement of profit and loss in the year the asset is derecognised. The date of disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is the date the recipient obtains control of that item in accordance with the requirements for determining when a performance obligation is satisfied in Ind AS 115.

5.7 Intangible assets

An intangible asset is recognised only when its cost can be measured reliably and it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to it will flow to the Company.

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of an intangible asset comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable expenditure on making the asset ready for its intended use and net of any trade discounts and rebates. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses.

The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed to be either finite or indefinite. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortised over the useful economic life. The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at each financial year-end. Changes in the expected useful life, or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset, are accounted for by changing the amortisation period or methodology, as appropriate, which are then treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite lives is presented as a separate line item in the statement of profit and loss. Amortisation on assets acquired/sold during the year is recognised on a pro-rata basis to the Statement of Profit and Loss from / upto the date of acquisition/sale.

Amortisation is calculated using the straight-line method to write down the cost of intangible assets to their residual values over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets comprising of software are amortised on a straight-line basis over a period of 6 years, unless it has a shorter useful life.

The Company''s intangible assets consist of computer software with definite life.

Gains or losses from derecognition of intangible assets are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised.

5.8 Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the enterprise has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of past events, and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

When the effect of the time value of money is material, the enterprise determines the level of provision by discounting the expected cash flows at a pre-tax rate reflecting the current rates specific to the liability. The expense relating to any provision is presented in the statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement.

5.9 Contingent Assets and Liabilities

A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurence or non occurence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity. The Company does not recognize or disclose contingent asset in the financial statements.

A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control of the Company or a present obligation that is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognized because it cannot be measured reliably. The Company does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.

5.10 Earnings Per Share

The Company reports basic and diluted earnings per share in accordance with Ind AS 33 on Earnings per share. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the year attributable to equity shareholders (after attributable taxes) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the year attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares. Dilutive potential equity shares are deemed converted as of the beginning of the period, unless they have been issued at a later date. In computing the dilutive earnings per share, only potential equity shares that are dilutive and that either reduces the earnings per share or increases loss per share are included.

5.11 Segment Reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM).

The Board of Directors (BOD) of the Company assesses the financial performance and position of the Company, and makes strategic decisions. The BOD, which has been identified as being the chief operating decision maker. The Company is engaged in the business of i) Lending finance and ii) Fees & commission income. The said business are aggregated for the purpose of review of performance by CODM. Accordingly, the Company has concluded that the business of lending finance and fees & commission income to be the only reportable segment.

5.12 Leases

Ind AS 116 requires lessees to determine the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease adjusted with any option to extend or terminate the lease, if the use of such option is reasonably certain. The Company makes an assessment on the expected lease term on a lease-by-lease basis and thereby assesses whether it is reasonably certain that any options to extend or terminate the contract will be exercised. In evaluating the lease term, the Company considers factors such as any significant leasehold improvements undertaken over the lease term, costs relating to the termination of the lease and the importance of the underlying asset to Company''s operations taking into account the location of the underlying asset and the availability of suitable alternatives. The lease term in future periods is reassessed to ensure that the lease term reflects the current economic circumstances.

The Company as a lessee

The Company''s lease asset classes primarily consist ofleases for land and buildings. The Company assesses whether a contract contains a lease, at inception of a contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Toassess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether: (i) the contract involves the use of an identified asset (ii) the Company has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease and (iii) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset (“ROU”) and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for leases with a term of twelve months or less (short-term leases) and low value leases. For these short-term and low value leases, the Company recognizes the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Certain lease arrangements includes the options to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the lease term. ROU assets and lease liabilities includes these options when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised.

The right-of-use assets are initially recognized at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease plus any initial direct costs less any lease incentives. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.

Right-of-use assets are depreciated from the commencement date on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset. Right of use assets are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.

The lease liability is initially measured at amortized cost at the present value of the future lease payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the incremental borrowing rates in the country of domicile of these leases. Lease liabilities are remeasured with a corresponding adjustment to the related right of use asset if the Company changes its assessment if whether it will exercise an extension or a termination option.

Lease liability and ROU asset have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

6 Significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the Ind AS requires the management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and the accompanying disclosure and the disclosure of contingent liabilities, at the end of the reporting period. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimates are revised and future periods are affected. Although these estimates are based on the management’s best knowledge of current events and actions, uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in the outcomes requiring a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities in future periods.

In particular, information about significant areas of estimation, uncertainty and critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the financial statements is included in the following notes:

6.1 Defined employee benefit assets and liabilities

The cost of the defined benefit gratuity plan and the present value of the gratuity obligation are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate; future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed annually.

6.2 Impairment of loans portfolio

The measurement of impairment losses across all categories of financial assets requires judgement, in particular, the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash flows and collateral values when determining impairment losses and the assessment of a significant increase in credit risk. These estimates are driven by a number of factors, changes in which can result in different levels of allowances.

It has been the Company’s policy to regularly review it''s ECL model in the context of actual loss experience and adjust when necessary.

In case, higher provisions are to be considered as per the prudential norms of the Reserve Bank of India, they are considered.

Expected Credit Loss:

As per Ind AS 109, the loan losses are to be provided based on ECL method. ECL is measured at 12-month ECL for Stage 1 loan assets and at Llifetime ECL for Stage 2 and Stage 3 loan assets. ECL is the product of the Probability of Default, Exposure at Default and Loss Given Default, i.e.,

ECL=PD X EAD X LGD

- PD: Probability of Default (“PD”) is an estimate of the likelihood of default over a given timehorizon. A default may only happen at a certain time over the assessed period, if the facility has not been previously derecognized and is still in the portfolio. The PD is computed for Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 independently by determining default rates based on the historical data after giving due weightage for abnormal period and events, probability of roll back etc.

- EAD: Exposure at Default (“EAD”) is an estimate of the exposure at a future default date, taking into account expected changes in the exposure after the reporting date, including repayments of principal and interest, whether scheduled by contract or otherwise, expected draw down on committed facilities, etc.

- LGD: Loss Given Default (“LGD”) is an estimate of the loss arising in the case where a default occurs at a given time. It is based on the difference between the contractual cash Hows due and those that the lender would expect to receive, including from the realization of any collateral. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the EAD.

6.3 Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method

The Company’s EIR methodology, recognises interest income / expense using a rate of return that represents the best estimate of a constant rate of return over the expected behavioural life of loans given / taken and recognises the effect of potentially different interest rates at various stages and other characteristics of the product life cycle (including prepayments and penalty interest and charges).