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Accounting Policies of Kansai Nerolac Paints Ltd. Company

Mar 31, 2023

A. Corporate Information

Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited (the ‘Company'') is a public limited company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act. The Company''s shares are listed on National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange. The registered office of the Company is located at Nerolac House, Ganpatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400013. The Company is principally engaged in the manufacturing of Paints.

Kansai Paint Co., Ltd., Japan is immediate and ultimate holding company of Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited and is based and listed in Japan. Financial Statements of Kansai Paint Co., Ltd., Japan are available in public domain.

The Standalone Financial Statements for the year ended 31st March, 2023 have been reviewed by the Audit Committee and approved by the Board of Directors at their meetings held on 8th May, 2023.

B. Basis of Preparation

1. Statement of compliance

The Standalone Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 notified under Section 133 of Companies Act, 2013, (the ‘Act'') and other relevant provisions of the Act as amended from time to time.

Details of the Company''s Accounting Policies are included in Note 1.

2. Functional and Presentation currency

The Standalone Financial Statements are presented in Indian Rupees (INR), which is also the Company''s functional currency. All amounts have been rounded-off to the nearest crores, unless otherwise indicated.

3. Basis of measurement

The Standalone Financial Statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for investments in mutual funds, nontrade equity shares, bonds and provision for employee defined benefit plans, which are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period.

4. Use of estimates and judgements

Critical accounting judgments and key sources of estimation uncertainty:

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with the Ind AS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosures as at date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of the revenues and expenses for the years presented. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

(i) Critical Judgments

In the process of applying the Company''s accounting policies, management has made the following judgments, which have the most significant effect on the amount recognised in the financial statements.

Discount rate used to determine the carrying amount of the Company''s defined benefit obligation.

In determining the appropriate discount rate for plans operated in India, the management considers the interest rates of government bonds in currencies consistent with the currencies of the post-employment benefit obligation.

Contingencies and Commitments

In the normal course of business, contingent liabilities may arise from litigations and other claims against the Company. Where the potential liabilities have a low probability of crystallising or are very difficult to quantify reliably, we treat them as contingent liabilities. Such liabilities are disclosed in the notes but are not provided for in the financial statements. Although there can be no assurance regarding the final outcome of the legal proceedings, we do not expect them to have a materially adverse impact on our financial position or profitability.

(ii) Key Sources of Estimation Uncertainty

The key assumptions concerning the future, and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below:

Useful Lives of Property, Plant and Equipment

As described in Note 1(3)(c), the Company reviews the estimated useful lives and residual values of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. During the current financial year, the management determined that there were no changes to the useful lives and residual values of the property, plant and equipment.

Impairment loss allowance on trade receivables

The Company makes loss allowances for credit impaired debts based on an assessment of the recoverability of trade and other receivables. The identification of credit impaired debts enquires use of judgments and estimates. Where the expectation is different from the original estimate, such difference will impact the carrying value of the trade and other receivables and credit impaired debts expenses in the period in which such estimate has been changed.

B. Basis of Preparation (contd.)

4. Use of estimates and judgements (contd.)

Allowances for Inventories

Management reviews the inventory age listing on a periodic basis. This review involves comparison of the carrying value of the aged inventory items with the respective net realizable value. The purpose is to ascertain whether an allowance is required to be made in the financial statements for any obsolete and slow-moving items. Management is satisfied that adequate allowance for obsolete and slow-moving inventories has been made in the financial statements.

Impairment of Investments in Subsidiaries

The carrying amount of the Company''s investments in subsidiaries including corporate guarantees provided by the Company to the lenders of its subsidiaries are assessed at the end of each reporting date to determine whether there are any potential indicators of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the Company estimates the recoverable amount of such investments. The determination of recoverable amounts of the Company''s investments in subsidiaries involves significant judgements. Market related information and estimates are used to determine the recoverable amount. Key assumptions on which management has based its determination of recoverable amount includes projected sales volume, estimated long-term growth rates, weighted average cost of capital, estimated operating margins, etc.

Fair value measurement of financial instruments

When the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques, including the discounted cash flow model, which involve various judgements and assumptions.

Defined Benefit Plans

The costs and present value of the defined benefit gratuity plan and other long-term employee benefits are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in future. These include the determination of appropriate discount rate, salary escalation rate, expected rate of return on assets and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, defined benefit plans are highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date and the same are disclosed in Note 38, ‘Employee benefits''.

Note 1: Significant Accounting Policies

1. Classification of Assets and Liabilities

Schedule III to the Act, requires assets and liabilities to be classified as either Current or Non-current.

(a) An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be realised in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the Company''s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) it is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(b) All assets other than current assets shall be classified as non-current.

(c) A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be settled in the Company''s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

(d) All liabilities other than current liabilities shall be classified as non-current.

2. Operating Cycle

An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents. The Company has ascertained the operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.

3. Property, Plant and Equipment

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An item of Property, Plant and Equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset is initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

The cost of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates and any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. The initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located is included in the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment.

The cost of a self-constructed item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises the cost of materials and direct labor, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the item to working condition for its intended use, and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Tangible Property, Plant and Equipment under construction are disclosed as Capital Work-in-progress. Item of Capital Work-in-progress is carried at cost using the principles of valuation of item of property, plant and equipment till it is ready for use, the manner in which intended by management.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company.

(c) Depreciation

The depreciable amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset''s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

Each part of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item is depreciated separately.

The depreciation charge for each period is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

Asset Class

Useful Lives (in years)

- as per Companies Act, 2013

Useful Lives (in years)

- as estimated by the Company

Buildings

30-60

30-60

Plant and Equipments

10-20

10-25

Furniture and Fixtures

10

10

Vehicles

10

10

Office Equipments

5

5

Computers

3-6

3-6

Assets for Scientific Research

10-20

20

Assets on Operating Lease

NA

5

Depreciation on additions (disposals) is provided on a pro-rata basis i.e. from (upto) the date on which asset is ready for use (disposed off).

Depreciation charge for the year is displayed as depreciation on the face of Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(d) Disposal

The carrying amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is included in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss when the item is derecognised.

4. Investment Property

(a) Recognition and Measurement

Land or building held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or sale in the ordinary course of business is recognised as Investment Property. Land held for a currently undetermined future use is also recognised as Investment Property.

An investment property is measured initially at its cost. The cost of an investment property comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable expenditure. After initial recognition, the Company carries the investment property at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

(b) Depreciation

After initial recognition, the Company measures all of its Investment Property in accordance with Ind AS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment requirements for cost model. The depreciable amount of an item of Investment Property is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset''s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The depreciation charge for each period is generally recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

Asset Class

Useful Lives (in years)

- as per Companies Act, 2013

Useful Lives (in years)

- as estimated by the Company

Buildings

30-60

30-60

(c) Fair Value

Fair value of investment property is based on a valuation by an independent valuer who holds a recognised and relevant professional qualification and has recent experience in the location and category of the investment property being valued. The fair value of investment property is disclosed in the Note 4.

(d) Gain or loss on Disposal

Any gain or loss on disposal of an Investment Property is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

5. Other Intangible Assets

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. Intangible assets are initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment, if any.

Research and Development

Research is original and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding. Expenditure incurred on research of an internal project is recognised as an expense in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, when it is incurred.

Development is the application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services before the start of commercial production or use. An intangible asset arising from development is recognised if, and only if, the following criteria are met:

(a) it is technically feasibile to complete the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale.

(b) the Company intends to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it.

(c) the Company has ability to use or sell the intangible asset.

(d) the Company can demonstrate how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits.

(e) the Company has adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset.

(f) the Company has ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. Expenditure on research activities is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates.All other expenditure, including expenditure on internally generated goodwill and brands, is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(c) Amortisation

The Company amortises Other Intangible Assets on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset''s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. The amortisation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives as estimated by management are as follows:

Asset Class

Useful Lives (in years)

- as estimated by the Company

Software

3

Customer Relationship

5

Brand and Technical Knowhow

5

Non-compete

5

6. Non-current assets or disposal group held for sale

Non-current assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale if it is highly probable that they will be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use.

Such assets, or disposal groups, are generally measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Any resultant loss on a disposal group is allocated first to goodwill, and then to remaining assets and liabilities on pro rata basis, except that no loss is allocated to inventories, financial assets, deferred tax assets, employee benefit assets, and biological assets, which continue to be measured in accordance with the Company''s other accounting policies. Losses on initial classification as held for sale and subsequent gains and losses on remeasurement are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Once assets classified as held-for-sale, then Property, Plant and Equipment, Investment Property and Other Intangible Assets are no longer required to be depreciated or amortised.

7. Employee Benefits

(a) Short-term Employee Benefits:

Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid e.g., under short-term cash bonus, if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the amount of obligation can be estimated reliably.

(b) Post-Employment Benefits:

Defined contribution plans

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts.

(i) Provident and Family Pension Fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of provident and family pension fund, in which both the employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the employees'' eligible salary (currently 12% of employees'' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (RPFC) which are charged to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

In respect of contribution to RPFC, the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution, and hence, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Contribution Plan. The Company''s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(ii) Superannuation

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of superannuation fund in which the Company makes annual contribution at a specified percentage of the employees'' eligible salary (currently 15% of employees'' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Superannuation is classified as Defined Contribution Plan as the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution. The Company''s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Defined Benefit Plans

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company''s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.

(b) Post-Employment Benefits (contd):

The calculation of defined benefit obligation is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a potential asset for the Company, the recognised asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan (‘the asset ceiling''). In order to calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any minimum funding requirements. Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. The Company determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service (‘past service cost'' or ‘past service gain'') or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The Company recognises gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

Gratuity

The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 days to one month salary payable for each completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months depending upon category of employee. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company has obtained insurance policies with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and makes an annual contribution to LIC for amounts notified by LIC. The Company accounts for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year using the projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised as Other Comprehensive Income.

Provident Fund Trust

In respect of contribution to the trust set up by the Company, since the Company is obligated to meet interest shortfall, if any, with respect to covered employees, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Benefit Plan. Any obligation in this respect is measured on the basis of independent actuarial valuation.

(c) Retirement Benefits to Executive Directors

The liability for special retirement benefit to the Executive Directors who became entitled prior to the discontinuation of the policy, is recognised in the balance sheet at its present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by actuaries using the projected united credit method.

The present value of the said obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows, using market yields of government bonds that have tenure approximating the tenures of the related liability.

The interest expense is calculated by applying the discount rate to the defined benefit liability. The interest expense on the defined benefit liability is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Re-measurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in the period in which they occur, directly in other comprehensive income. They are included in retained earnings in the Standalone Statement of Changes in Equity and in the Standalone Balance Sheet.

Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognised immediately in profit or loss as past service cost.

(d) Other Long-term Employee Benefits - Compensated Absences

The Company provides for encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits for future encashment/availment. The Company makes provision for compensated absences based on an independent actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(e) Share based Payments

Employees of the Company receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments in consideration of the services rendered. Under the equity settled share based payment, the fair value on the grant date of the awards given to employees is recognised as ‘employee benefit expenses'' with a corresponding increase in equity over the vesting period. The fair value of the options at the grant date is calculated by an independent valuer basis Black Scholes model and Monte Carle model. At the end of each reporting period, apart from the non-market vesting condition, the expense is reviewed and adjusted to reflect changes to the level of options expected to vest. When the options are exercised, the Company issues fresh equity shares.

8. Inventories

(a) Measurement of Inventory

The Company measures its inventories at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

(b) Cost of Inventories

The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the tax authorities), and transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase.

The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production and a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods.

Other costs are included in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The cost of inventories is assigned by weighted average cost formula. The Company uses the same cost formula for all inventories having a similar nature and use to the Company.

(c) Net realisable value

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Net realisable value is ascertained for each item of inventories with reference to the selling prices of related finished products.

The practice of writing inventories down below cost to net realisable value is consistent with the view that assets should not be carried in excess of amounts expected to be realised from their sale or use. Inventories are usually written down to net realisable value item by item. Estimates of net realisable value of finished goods and stock-in-trade are based on the most reliable evidence available at the time the estimates are made, of the amount the inventories are expected to realise. These estimates take into consideration fluctuations of price or cost directly relating to events occurring after the end of the period to the extent that such events confirm conditions existing at the end of the period. Materials and other supplies held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. However, when a decline in the price of materials indicates that the cost of the finished products exceeds net realisable value, the materials are written down to net realisable value.

Amount of any reversal of write-down of inventories shall be recognised as an expense as when the event occurs.

A new assessment is made of net realisable value in each subsequent period. When the circumstances that previously caused inventories to be written down below cost no longer exist or when there is clear evidence of an increase in net realisable value because of changed economic circumstances, the amount of the write-down is reversed. Amounts such reversed shall be recognised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognised as an expense in the period in which reversal occurs.

(d) Valuation of Spare parts, stand-by equipments and servicing equipments

Spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are recognised as Property, Plant and Equipment if and only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with them will flow to the Company and their cost can be measured reliably. Otherwise such items are classified and recognised as Inventory.

9. Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Therefore, an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from the date of acquisition. For the purpose of Cash Flow Statement cash and cash equivalent includes bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand.

10. Government Grants

Government grants are assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to the Company in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the Company. Government grants are not be recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to them and the grants will be received. Government grants are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Company recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate.

11. Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

A provision is recognised if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows (representing the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date) at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognised as finance cost. Expected future operating losses are not provided for.

Warranties

A provision for warranties is recognised when the underlying products or services are sold. The provision is based on technical evaluation, historical warranty data and a weighting of all possible outcomes by their associated probabilities.

Restructuring

A provision for restructuring is recognised when the Company has approved a detailed formal restructuring plan, and the restructuring either has commenced or has been announced publicly.

Onerous contracts

A contract is considered to be onerous when the expected economic benefits to be derived by the Company from the contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision for an onerous contract is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before such a provision is made, the Company recognises any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.

12. Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognised upon transfer of control of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods.

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer which is usually on dispatch / delivery.

Revenue is measured based on the transaction price, which is the consideration, adjusted for volume discounts, rebates, scheme allowances, price concessions, incentives, and returns, if any, as specified in the contracts with the customers. Revenue excludes taxes collected from customers on behalf of the government. Accruals for discounts/incentives and returns are estimated (using the most likely method) based on accumulated experience and underlying schemes and agreements with customers. Due to the short nature of credit period given to customers, there is no financing component in the contract.

Interest Income

Interest income is recognised using the effective interest method as set out in Ind AS 109 - Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or group of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period.

Royalty Income

Royalty income is recognised on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

Dividend Income

Dividend income is recognised when right to receive payment is established and it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

13. Foreign Currency Transactions

Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates whereas presentation currency is the currency in which the financial statements are presented. Indian Rupee is the functional as well as presentation currency for the Company.

A foreign currency transaction is recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

At the end of each reporting period, foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate whereas non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured.

Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous Financial Statements are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they arise. When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in Other Comprehensive Income, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. Conversely, when a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

14. Taxation Income tax

Income tax comprises current tax and deferred tax expense. It is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination or to an item recognised directly in Equity or in Other Comprehensive Income.

Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is also recognised in respect of carried forward tax losses and tax credits. Deferred tax is not recognised for:

a temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction;

b taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. The existence of unused tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profit may not be available. Therefore, in case of a history of recent losses, the Company recognises a deferred tax asset only to the extent that it has sufficient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realised. Deferred tax assets - unrecognised or recognised, are reviewed at each reporting date and are recognised/reduced to the extent that it is probable/no longer probable respectively that the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realised simultaneously.

15. Lease

The Company assesses at contract inception whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

Company as a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

(i) Right-of-use Assets (ROU Assets)

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

Leasehold land

90 to 99 years

Buildings

2 to 10 years

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset. The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in note 19 Impairment of non-financial assets.

15. Lease (contd.)

(ii) Lease Liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless they are incurred to produce inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs. In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

Lease liability and ROU assets have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

(iii) Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases of machinery and equipment (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases of office equipment that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Company as a lessor

Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income arising is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

16. Financial Instruments

(a) Recognition and initial measurement

Trade receivables and debt securities issued are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual terms of the instrument.

A financial asset or financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at Fair Value through Profit and Loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.

(b) Classification and subsequent measurement Financial assets

On initial recognition, a financial asset is measured at

— amortised cost;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI) - debt investment;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income - equity investment; or

— FVTPL

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.

A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A debt investment is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment''s fair value in OCI (designated as FVOCI - equity investment). This election is made on an investment-by-investment basis.

16. Financial Instruments (contd.)

(b) Classification and subsequent measurement (contd.)

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or FVOCI as described above are measured at FVTPL. This includes all derivative financial assets. On initial recognition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at FVOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

Financial assets: Subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial assets at FVTPL

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Net gains and losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Financial assets at amortised cost

These assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The amortised cost is reduced by impairment losses. Interest income, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss.

Debt investments at FVOCI

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Interest income under the effective interest method, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI. On derecognition, gains and losses accumulated in OCI are reclassified to Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Equity investments at FVOCI

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Dividends are recognised as income in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss unless the dividend clearly represents a recovery of part of the cost of the investment. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI and are not reclassified to Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Financial liabilities: Classification, subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as held for trading, or it is a derivative or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss. Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is also recognised in Standalone Statementof Profit and Loss.

(c) Derecognition Financial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control of the financial asset.


Mar 31, 2022

A. Corporate Information

Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited (the ‘Company'') is a public limited company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act. The Company''s shares are listed on National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange. The registered office of the Company is located at Nerolac House, Ganpatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400013. The Company is principally engaged in the manufacturing of Paints.

Kansai Paint Co., Ltd., Japan is immediate and ultimate holding company of Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited and is based and listed in Japan. Financial Statements of Kansai Paint Co., Ltd., Japan are available in public domain.

The Standalone Financial Statements for the year ended 31st March, 2022 have been reviewed by the Audit Committee and approved by the Board of Directors at their meetings held on 10th May, 2022.

B. Basis of Preparation

1. Statement of compliance

The Standalone Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 notified under Section 133 of Companies Act, 2013, (the ‘Act'') and other relevant provisions of the Act as amended from time to time.

Details of the Company''s Accounting Policies are included in Note 1.

2. Functional and Presentation currency

The Standalone Financial Statements are presented in Indian Rupees (INR), which is also the Company''s functional currency. All amounts have been rounded-off to the nearest crores, unless otherwise indicated.

3. Basis of measurement

The Standalone Financial Statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for investments in mutual funds, nontrade equity shares, bonds and provision for employee defined benefit plans, which are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period.

4. Use of estimates and judgements

Critical accounting judgments and key sources of estimation uncertainty:

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with the Ind AS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosures as at date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of the revenues and expenses for the years presented. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

(i) Critical Judgments

In the process of applying the Company''s accounting policies, management has made the following judgments, which have the most significant effect on the amount recognised in the financial statements.

Discount rate used to determine the carrying amount of the Company''s defined benefit obligation.

In determining the appropriate discount rate for plans operated in India, the management considers the interest rates of government bonds in currencies consistent with the currencies of the post-employment benefit obligation.

Contingences and Commitments

In the normal course of business, contingent liabilities may arise from litigations and other claims against the Company. Where the potential liabilities have a low probability of crystallising or are very difficult to quantify reliably, we treat them as contingent liabilities. Such liabilities are disclosed in the notes but are not provided for in the financial statements. Although there can be no assurance regarding the final outcome of the legal proceedings, we do not expect them to have a materially adverse impact on our financial position or profitability.

(ii) Key Sources of Estimation Uncertainty

The key assumptions concerning the future, and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below:

Useful Lives of Property, Plant and Equipment

As described in Note 1(3)(c), the Company reviews the estimated useful lives and residual values of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. During the current financial year, the management determined that there were no changes to the useful lives and residual values of the property, plant and equipment.

Impairment loss allowance on trade receivables

The Company makes loss allowances for credit impaired debts based on an assessment of the recoverability of trade and other receivables. The identification of credit impaired debts enquires use of judgments and estimates. Where the expectation is different from the original estimate, such difference will impact the carrying value of the trade and other receivables and credit impaired debts expenses in the period in which such estimate has been changed.

4. Use of estimates and judgements (contd.)

Allowances for Inventories

Management reviews the inventory age listing on a periodic basis. This review involves comparison of the carrying value of the aged inventory items with the respective net realizable value. The purpose is to ascertain whether an allowance is required to be made in the financial statements for any obsolete and slow-moving items. Management is satisfied that adequate allowance for obsolete and slow-moving inventories has been made in the financial statements.

Impairment of Investments in Subsidiaries

The carrying amount of the Company''s investments in subsidiaries including corporate guarantees provided by the Company to the lenders of its subsidiaries are assessed at the end of each reporting date to determine whether there are any potential indicators of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the Company estimates the recoverable amount of such investments. The determination of recoverable amounts of the Company''s investments in subsidiaries involves significant judgements. Market related information and estimates are used to determine the recoverable amount. Key assumptions on which management has based its determination of recoverable amount includes projected sales volume, estimated long-term growth rates, weighted average cost of capital, estimated operating margins, etc.

Fair value measurement of financial instruments

When the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques, including the discounted cash flow model, which involve various judgements and assumptions.

Defined Benefit Plans

The costs and present value of the defined benefit gratuity plan and other long-term employee benefits are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in future. These include the determination of appropriate discount rate, salary escalation rate, expected rate of return on assets and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, defined benefit plans are highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date and the same are disclosed in Note 38, ‘Employee benefits''.

C. Recent Accounting Pronouncement

Standards issued but not yet effective

Ministry of Corporate Affairs (“MCA”) through Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2019 has notified certain amendments to existing Ind AS via notification dated 23 March 2022. The same shall come into force from annual reporting period beginning on or after *1st April 2022* which the Company has not applied as they are not effective for annual period beginning on or after 1 April 2021.

Key synopsis are as under:

- Ind AS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment - For items produced during testing/trail phase, clarification added that revenue generated out of the same shall not be recognised in statement of profit and loss and considered as part of cost of PPE.

- Ind AS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities & Contingent Assets - Guidance on what constitutes cost of fulfilling contracts (to determine whether the contract is onerous or not) is included.

- Ind AS 101 - First time Adoption of Ind AS - Measurement of Foreign Currency Translation Difference in case of subsidiary/ associate/ JV''s date of transition to Ind AS is subsequent to that of Parent - FCTR in the books of subsidiary/associate/JV can be measured based Consolidated Financial Statements.

- Ind AS 103 - Business Combination - Reference to revised Conceptual Framework. For contingent liabilities/ levies, clarification is added on how to apply the principles for recognition of contingent liabilities from Ind AS 37.

Recognition of contingent assets is not allowed.

- Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments - The amendment clarifies which fees an entity includes when it applies the ‘10 per cent'' test in assessing whether to derecognise a financial liability.

While preparing the financial statement for the year ended 31 March 2022, the above amendments are not considered for disclosure as standards notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs, but not yet effective, in accordance with IND AS.

Note 1: Significant Accounting Policies

1. Classification of Assets and Liabilities

Schedule III to the Act, requires assets and liabilities to be classified as either Current or Non-current.

(a) An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be realised in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the Company''s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) it is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(b) All assets other than current assets shall be classified as non-current.

Note 1: Significant Accounting Policies (contd.)

1. Classification of Assets and Liabilities (contd.)

(c) A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be settled in the Company''s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

(d) All liabilities other than current liabilities shall be classified as non-current.

2. Operating Cycle

An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents. The Company has ascertained the operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.

3. Property, Plant and Equipment

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An item of Property, Plant and Equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset is initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

The cost of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates and any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. The initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located is included in the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment.

The cost of a self-constructed item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises the cost of materials and direct labor, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the item to working condition for its intended use, and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Tangible Property, Plant and Equipment under construction are disclosed as Capital Work-in-progress. Item of Capital Work-in-progress is carried at cost using the principles of valuation of item of property, plant and equipment till it is ready for use, the manner in which intended by management.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company.

(c) Depreciation

The depreciable amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset''s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

Each part of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item is depreciated separately.

The depreciation charge for each period is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

Asset Class

Useful Lives (in years)

- as per Companies Act, 2013

Useful Lives (in years)

- as estimated by the Company

Buildings

30-60

30-60

Plant and Equipments

10-20

10-25

Furniture and Fixtures

10

10

Vehicles

10

10

Office Equipments

5

5

Computers

3-6

3-6

Assets for Scientific Research

10-20

20

Assets on Operating Lease

NA

5

Depreciation on additions (disposals) is provided on a pro-rata basis i.e. from (upto) the date on which asset is ready for use (disposed off).

Depreciation charge for the year is displayed as depreciation on the face of Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

3. Property, Plant and Equipment (contd.)

(d) Disposal

The carrying amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is included in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss when the item is derecognised.

4. Investment Property

(a) Recognition and Measurement

Land or building held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or sale in the ordinary course of business is recognised as Investment Property. Land held for a currently undetermined future use is also recognised as Investment Property.

An investment property is measured initially at its cost. The cost of an investment property comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable expenditure. After initial recognition, the Company carries the investment property at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

(b) Depreciation

After initial recognition, the Company measures all of its Investment Property in accordance with Ind AS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment requirements for cost model. The depreciable amount of an item of Investment Property is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset''s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The depreciation charge for each period is generally recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

Useful Lives

Useful Lives

Asset Class

(in years)

(in years)

- as per Companies Act, 2013

- as estimated by the Company

Buildings

30-60

30-60

(c) Fair Value

Fair value of investment property is based on a valuation by an independent valuer who holds a recognised and relevant professional qualification and has recent experience in the location and category of the investment property being valued. The fair value of investment property is disclosed in the Note 3.

(d) Gain or loss on Disposal

Any gain or loss on disposal of an Investment Property is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

5. Other Intangible Assets

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. Intangible assets are initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment, if any.

Research and Development

Research is original and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding. Expenditure incurred on research of an internal project is recognised as an expense in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, when it is incurred.

Development is the application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services before the start of commercial production or use. An intangible asset arising from development is recognised if, and only if, the following criteria are met:

(a) it is technically feasibile to complete the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale.

(b) the Company intends to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it.

5. Other Intangible Assets (contd.)

(c) the Company has ability to use or sell the intangible asset.

(d) the Company can demonstrate how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits.

(e) the Company has adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset.

(f) the Company has ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. Expenditure on research activities is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates.All other expenditure, including expenditure on internally generated goodwill and brands, is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(c) Amortisation

The Company amortises Other Intangible Assets on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset''s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. The amortisation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives as estimated by management are as follows:

Asset Class

Useful Lives (in years)

- as estimated by the Company

Software

3

Customer Relationship

5

Brand and Technical Knowhow

5

Non-compete

5

6. Non-current assets or disposal group held for sale

Non-current assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale if it is highly probable that they will be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use.

Such assets, or disposal groups, are generally measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Any resultant loss on a disposal group is allocated first to goodwill, and then to remaining assets and liabilities on pro rata basis, except that no loss is allocated to inventories, financial assets, deferred tax assets, employee benefit assets, and biological assets, which continue to be measured in accordance with the Company''s other accounting policies. Losses on initial classification as held for sale and subsequent gains and losses on remeasurement are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Once assets classified as held-for-sale, then Property, Plant and Equipment, Investment Property and Other Intangible Assets are no longer required to be depreciated or amortised.

7. Employee Benefits

(a) Short-term Employee Benefits:

Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid e.g., under short-term cash bonus, if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the amount of obligation can be estimated reliably.

(b) Post-Employment Benefits:

Defined contribution plans

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts.

(i) Provident and Family Pension Fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of provident and family pension fund, in which both the employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the employees'' eligible salary (currently 12% of employees'' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (RPFC) which are charged to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(b) Post-Employment Benefits (contd.):

In respect of contribution to RPFC, the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution, and hence, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Contribution Plan. The Company''s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(ii) Superannuation

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of superannuation fund in which the Company makes annual contribution at a specified percentage of the employees'' eligible salary (currently 15% of employees'' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Superannuation is classified as Defined Contribution Plan as the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution. The Company''s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Defined Benefit Plans

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company''s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.

The calculation of defined benefit obligation is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a potential asset for the Company, the recognised asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan (‘the asset ceiling''). In order to calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any minimum funding requirements.

Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. The Company determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service (‘past service cost'' or ‘past service gain'') or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The Company recognises gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

Gratuity

The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 days to one month salary payable for each completed year of service or part there of equal to or in excess of six months depending upon category of employee. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company has obtained insurance policies with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and makes an annual contribution to LIC for amounts notified by LIC. The Company accounts for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year using the projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised as Other Comprehensive Income.

Provident Fund Trust

In respect of contribution to the trust set up by the Company, since the Company is obligated to meet interest shortfall, if any, with respect to covered employees, such employee benefit plan for eligible employees is classified as Defined Benefit Plan. Any obligation in this respect is measured on the basis of independent actuarial valuation.

(c) Retirement Benefits to Executive Directors

The liability for special retirement benefit to the Executive Directors who became entitled prior to the discontinuation of the policy, is recognised in the balance sheet at its present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by actuaries using the projected united credit method.

The present value of the said obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows, using market yields of government bonds that have tenure approximating the tenures of the related liability.

The interest expense is calculated by applying the discount rate to the defined benefit liability. The interest expense on the defined benefit liability is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Re-measurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in the period in which they occur, directly in other comprehensive income. They are included in retained earnings in the Standalone Statement of Changes in Equity and in the Standalone Balance Sheet.

Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognised immediately in profit or loss as past service cost.

(d) Other Long-term Employee Benefits - Compensated Absences

The Company provides for encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits for future encashment/availment. The Company makes provision for compensated absences based on an independent actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

8. Inventories

(a) Measurement of Inventory

The Company measures its inventories at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

(b) Cost of Inventories

The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the Tax authorities), and transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase.

The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production and a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods.

Other costs are included in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The cost of inventories is assigned by weighted average cost formula. The Company uses the same cost formula for all inventories having a similar nature and use to the Company.

(c) Net realisable value

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Net realisable value is ascertained for each item of inventories with reference to the selling prices of related finished products.

The practice of writing inventories down below cost to net realisable value is consistent with the view that assets should not be carried in excess of amounts expected to be realised from their sale or use. Inventories are usually written down to net realisable value item by item. Estimates of net realisable value of finished goods and stock-in-trade are based on the most reliable evidence available at the time the estimates are made, of the amount the inventories are expected to realise. These estimates take into consideration fluctuations of price or cost directly relating to events occurring after the end of the period to the extent that such events confirm conditions existing at the end of the period. Materials and other supplies held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. However, when a decline in the price of materials indicates that the cost of the finished products exceeds net realisable value, the materials are written down to net realisable value.

Amount of any reversal of write-down of inventories shall be recognised as an expense as when the event occurs.

A new assessment is made of net realisable value in each subsequent period. When the circumstances that previously caused inventories to be written down below cost no longer exist or when there is clear evidence of an increase in net realisable value because of changed economic circumstances, the amount of the write-down is reversed. Amounts such reversed shall be recognised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognised as an expense in the period in which reversal occurs.

(d) Valuation of Spare parts, stand-by equipments and servicing equipments

Spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are recognised as Property, Plant and Equipment if and only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with them will flow to the Company and their cost can be measured reliably. Otherwise such items are classified and recognised as Inventory.

9. Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Therefore, an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from the date of acquisition. For the purpose of Cash Flow Statement cash and cash equivalent includes bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand.

10. Government Grants

Government grants are assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to the Company in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the Company. Government grants are not be recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to them and the grants will be received. Government grants are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Company recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate.

11. Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

A provision is recognised if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows (representing the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date) at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognised as finance cost. Expected future operating losses are not provided for.

Warranties

A provision for warranties is recognised when the underlying products or services are sold. The provision is based on technical evaluation, historical warranty data and a weighting of all possible outcomes by their associated probabilities.

Restructuring

A provision for restructuring is recognised when the Company has approved a detailed formal restructuring plan, and the restructuring either has commenced or has been announced publicly.

Onerous contracts

A contract is considered to be onerous when the expected economic benefits to be derived by the Company from the contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision for an onerous contract is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before such a provision is made, the Company recognises any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.

12. Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognised upon transfer of control of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods.

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer which is usually on dispatch / delivery.

Revenue is measured based on the transaction price, which is the consideration, adjusted for volume discounts, rebates, scheme allowances, price concessions, incentives, and returns, if any, as specified in the contracts with the customers. Revenue excludes taxes collected from customers on behalf of the government. Accruals for discounts/incentives and returns are estimated (using the most likely method) based on accumulated experience and underlying schemes and agreements with customers. Due to the short nature of credit period given to customers, there is no financing component in the contract.

The Company has adopted Ind AS - 115 Revenue from contracts with customers, with effect from 1st April, 2018. Ind AS - 115 establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows arising from the contracts with its customers and replaces Ind AS 18 Revenue and Ind AS 11 Construction Contracts.

The Company has adopted Ind AS - 115 using the cumulative effect method whereby the effect of applying this standard is recognised at the date of initial application (i.e. 1st April, 2018). Accordingly, the comparative information in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss is not restated. Impact on adoption of Ind AS - 115 is not material.

Interest Income

Interest income is recognised using the effective interest method as set out in Ind AS 109 - Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or group of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period.

Royalty Income

Royalty income is recognised on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

Dividend Income

Dividend income is recognised when right to receive payment is established and it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

13. Foreign Currency Transactions

Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates whereas presentation currency is thecurrency in which the financial statements are presented. Indian Rupee is the functional as well as presentation currency for the Company.

A foreign currency transaction is recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

13. Foreign Currency Transactions (contd.)

At the end of each reporting period, foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate whereas non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured.

Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous Financial Statements are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they arise. When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in Other Comprehensive Income, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. Conversely, when a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

14. Taxation Income tax

Income tax comprises current tax and deferred tax expense. It is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination or to an item recognised directly in Equity or in Other Comprehensive Income.

Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is also recognised in respect of carried forward tax losses and tax credits. Deferred tax is not recognised for:

a temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction; b taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. The existence of unused tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profit may not be available. Therefore, in case of a history of recent losses, the Company recognises a deferred tax asset only to the extent that it has sufficient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realised. Deferred tax assets - unrecognised or recognised, are reviewed at each reporting date and are recognised/reduced to the extent that it is probable/no longer probable respectively that the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realised simultaneously.

15. Lease

The Company assesses at contract inception whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

Company as a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

(i) Right-of-use Assets (ROU Assets)

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

Leasehold land

90 to 99 years

Buildings

2 to 10 years

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset. The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in note 19 Impairment of non-financial assets.

(ii) Lease Liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless they are incurred to produce inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs. In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

Lease liability and ROU assets have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

(iii) Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases of machinery and equipment (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases of office equipment that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Company as a lessor

Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income arising is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

16. Financial Instruments

(a) Recognition and initial measurement

Trade receivables and debt securities issued are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual terms of the instrument.

A financial asset or financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at Fair Value through Profit and Loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.

(b) Classification and subsequent measurement Financial assets

On initial recognition, a financial asset is measured at

— amortised cost;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI) - debt investment;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income - equity investment; or

— FVTPL

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.

A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A debt investment is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment''s fair value in OCI (designated as FVOCI - equity investment). This election is made on an investment-by-investment basis.

16. Financial Instruments (contd.)

(b) Classification and subsequent measurement (contd.)

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or FVOCI as described above are measured at FVTPL. This includes all derivative financial assets. On initial recognition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at FVOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

Financial assets: Subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial assets at FVTPL

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Net gains and losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Los


Mar 31, 2021

A. Corporate Information

Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited (the ‘Company'') is a public limited company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act. The Company''s shares are listed on National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange. The registered office of the Company is located at Nerolac House, Ganpatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400013. The Company is principally engaged in the manufacturing of Paints.

Kansai Paints Co. Ltd. is immediate and ultimate holding company of Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited and is based and listed in Japan. Financial Statements of Kansai Paints Co. Ltd. are available in public domain.

The Standalone Financial Statements for the year ended 31st March, 2021 have been reviewed by the Audit Committee and approved by the Board of Directors at their meetings held on 7th May, 2021.

B. Basis of Preparation

1. Statement of compliance

The Standalone Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 notified under Section 133 of Companies Act, 2013, (the ‘Act'') and other relevant provisions of the Act as amended from time to time.

Details of the Company''s Accounting Policies are included in Note 1.

2. Functional and Presentation currency

The Standalone Financial Statements are presented in Indian Rupees (INR), which is also the Company''s functional currency. All amounts have been rounded-off to the nearest crores, unless otherwise indicated.

3. Basis of measurement

The Standalone Financial Statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for investments in mutual funds, non-trade equity shares, bonds and provision for employee defined benefit plans, which are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period.

4. Use of estimates and judgements

Critical accounting judgments and key sources of estimation uncertainty:

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with the Ind AS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosures as at date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of the revenues and expenses for the years presented. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

(i) Critical Judgments

In the process of applying the Company''s accounting policies, management has made the following judgments, which have the most significant effect on the amount recognised in the financial statements.

Discount rate used to determine the carrying amount of the Company''s defined benefit obligation.

In determining the appropriate discount rate for plans operated in India, the management considers the interest rates of government bonds in currencies consistent with the currencies of the post-employment benefit obligation.

Contingences and Commitments

In the normal course of business, contingent liabilities may arise from litigations and other claims against the Company. Where the potential liabilities have a low probability of crystallising or are very difficult to quantify reliably, we treat them as contingent liabilities. Such liabilities are disclosed in the notes but are not provided for in the financial statements. Although there can be no assurance regarding the final outcome of the legal proceedings, we do not expect them to have a materially adverse impact on our financial position or profitability.

(ii) Key Sources of Estimation Uncertainty

The key assumptions concerning the future, and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below:

Useful Lives of Property, Plant and Equipment

As described in Note 1(3)(c), the Company reviews the estimated useful lives and residual values of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. During the current financial year, the management determined that there were no changes to the useful lives and residual values of the property, plant and equipment.

Impairment loss allowance on trade receivables

The Company makes loss allowances for credit impaired debts based on an assessment of the recoverability of trade and other receivables. The identification of credit impaired debts enquires use of judgments and estimates. Where the expectation is different from the original estimate, such difference will impact the carrying value of the trade and other receivables and credit impaired debts expenses in the period in which such estimate has been changed.

B. Basis of Preparation (contd.)

4. Use of estimates and judgements (contd.)

Allowances for Inventories

Management reviews the inventory age listing on a periodic basis. This review involves comparison of the carrying value of the aged inventory items with the respective net realizable value. The purpose is to ascertain whether an allowance is required to be made in the financial statements for any obsolete and slow-moving items. Management is satisfied that adequate allowance for obsolete and slow-moving inventories has been made in the financial statements.

Impairment of Investments in Subsidiaries

The carrying amount of the Company''s investments in subsidiaries including corporate guarantees provided by the Company to the lenders of its subsidiaries are assessed at the end of each reporting date to determine whether there are any potential indicators of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the Company estimates the recoverable amount of such investments. The determination of recoverable amounts of the Company''s investments in subsidiaries involves significant judgements. Market related information and estimates are used to determine the recoverable amount. Key assumptions on which management has based its determination of recoverable amount includes projected sales volume, estimated long-term growth rates, weighted average cost of capital, estimated operating margins, etc.

Fair value measurement of financial instruments

When the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques, including the discounted cash flow model, which involve various judgements and assumptions.

Defined Benefit Plans

The costs and present value of the defined benefit gratuity plan and other long-term employee benefits are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in future. These include the determination of appropriate discount rate, salary escalation rate, expected rate of return on assets and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, defined benefit plans are highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date and the same are disclosed in Note 35, ‘Employee benefits''.

Note 1: Significant Accounting Policies

1. Classification of Assets and Liabilities

Schedule III to the Act, requires assets and liabilities to be classified as either Current or Non-current.

(a) An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be realised in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the Company''s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) it is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(b) All assets other than current assets shall be classified as non-current.

(c) A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be settled in the Company''s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

(d) All liabilities other than current liabilities shall be classified as non-current.

2. Operating Cycle

An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents. The Company has ascertained the operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.

3. Property, Plant and Equipment

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An item of Property, Plant and Equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset is initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

The cost of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates and any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. The initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located is included in the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment.

3. Property, Plant and Equipment (contd.)

(a) Recognition and Measurement (contd.)

The cost of a self-constructed item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises the cost of materials and direct labor, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the item to working condition for its intended use, and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Tangible Property, Plant and Equipment under construction are disclosed as Capital Work-in-progress. Item of Capital Work-in-progress is carried at cost using the principles of valuation of item of property, plant and equipment till it is ready for use, the manner in which intended by management.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company.

(c) Depreciation

The depreciable amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset''s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

Each part of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item is depreciated separately.

The depreciation charge for each period is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

Asset Class

Useful Lives (in years)

- as per Companies Act, 2013

Useful Lives (in years)

- as estimated by the Company

Buildings

30-60

30-60

Plant and Equipments

10-20

10-25

Furniture and Fixtures

10

10

Vehicles

10

10

Office Equipments

5

5

Computers

3-6

3-6

Assets for Scientific Research

10-20

20

Assets on Operating Lease

NA

5

Depreciation on additions (disposals) is provided on a pro-rata basis i.e. from (upto) the date on which asset is ready for use (disposed off).

Depreciation charge for the year is displayed as depreciation on the face of Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(d) Disposal

The carrying amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is included in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss when the item is derecognised.

4. Investment Property

(a) Recognition and Measurement

Land or building held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or sale in the ordinary course of business is recognised as Investment Property. Land held for a currently undetermined future use is also recognised as Investment Property.

An investment property is measured initially at its cost. The cost of an investment property comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable expenditure. After initial recognition, the Company carries the investment property at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

(b) Depreciation

After initial recognition, the Company measures all of its Investment Property in accordance with Ind AS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment requirements for cost model. The depreciable amount of an item of Investment Property is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset''s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The depreciation charge for each period is generally recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

Asset Class

Useful Lives (in years)

- as per Companies Act, 2013

Useful Lives (in years)

- as estimated by the Company

Buildings

30-60

30-60

(c) Fair Value

Fair value of investment property is based on a valuation by an independent valuer who holds a recognised and relevant professional qualification and has recent experience in the location and category of the investment property being valued. The fair value of investment property is disclosed in the Note 3.

(d) Gain or loss on Disposal

Any gain or loss on disposal of an Investment Property is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

5. Other Intangible Assets

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. Intangible assets are initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment, if any.

Research and Development

Research is original and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding. Expenditure incurred on research of an internal project is recognised as an expense in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, when it is incurred.

Development is the application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services before the start of commercial production or use. An intangible asset arising from development is recognised if, and only if, the following criteria are met:

(a) it is technically feasibile to complete the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale.

(b) the Company intends to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it.

(c) the Company has ability to use or sell the intangible asset.

(d) the Company can demonstrate how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits.

(e) the Company has adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the

intangible asset.

(f) the Company has ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. Expenditure on research activities is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates.All other expenditure, including expenditure on internally generated goodwill and brands, is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(c) Amortisation

The Company amortises Other Intangible Assets on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset''s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. The amortisation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives as estimated by management are as follows:

Asset Class

Useful Lives (in years)

- as estimated by the Company

Software

3 Years

6. Non-current assets or disposal group held for sale

Non-current assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale if it is highly probable that they will be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use.

Such assets, or disposal groups, are generally measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Any resultant loss on a disposal group is allocated first to goodwill, and then to remaining assets and liabilities on pro rata basis, except that no loss is allocated to inventories, financial assets, deferred tax assets, employee benefit assets, and biological assets, which continue to be measured in accordance with the Company''s other accounting policies. Losses on initial classification as held for sale and subsequent gains and losses on remeasurement are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Once assets classified as held-for-sale, then Property, Plant and Equipment, Investment Property and Other Intangible Assets are no longer required to be depreciated or amortised.

7. Employee Benefits

(a) Short-term Employee Benefits:

Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid e.g., under short-term cash bonus, if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the amount of obligation can be estimated reliably.

(b) Post-Employment Benefits:

Defined contribution plans

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts.

(i) Provident and Family Pension Fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of provident and family pension fund, in which both the employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the employees'' eligible salary (currently 12% of employees'' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (RPFC) which are charged to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

In respect of contribution to RPFC, the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution, and hence, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Contribution Plan. The Company''s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(ii) Superannuation

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of superannuation fund in which the Company makes annual contribution at a specified percentage of the employees'' eligible salary (currently 15% of employees'' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Superannuation is classified as Defined Contribution Plan as the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution. The Company''s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Defined Benefit Plans

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company''s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.

7. Employee Benefits (contd.)

(b) Post-Employment Benefits (contd):

The calculation of defined benefit obligation is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a potential asset for the Company, the recognised asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan (‘the asset ceiling''). In order to calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any minimum funding requirements.

Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. The Company determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service (‘past service cost'' or ‘past service gain'') or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The Company recognises gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

Gratuity

The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 days to one month salary payable for each completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months depending upon category of employee. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company has obtained insurance policies with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and makes an annual contribution to LIC for amounts notified by LIC. The Company accounts for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year using the projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised as Other Comprehensive Income.

Provident Fund Trust

In respect of contribution to the trust set up by the Company, since the Company is obligated to meet interest shortfall, if any, with respect to covered employees, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Benefit Plan. Any obligation in this respect is measured on the basis of independent actuarial valuation.

(c) Other Long-term Employee Benefits-Compensated Absences

The Company provides for encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits for future encashment/availment. The Company makes provision for compensated absences based on an independent actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

8. Inventories

(a) Measurement of Inventory

The Company measures its inventories at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

(b) Cost of Inventories

The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities), and transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase.

The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production and a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods.

Other costs are included in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The cost of inventories is assigned by weighted average cost formula. The Company uses the same cost formula for all inventories having a similar nature and use to the Company.

(c) Net realisable value

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Net realisable value is ascertained for each item of inventories with reference to the selling prices of related finished products.

8. Inventories (contd.)

The practice of writing inventories down below cost to net realisable value is consistent with the view that assets should not be carried in excess of amounts expected to be realised from their sale or use. Inventories are usually written down to net realisable value item by item. Estimates of net realisable value of finished goods and stock-in-trade are based on the most reliable evidence available at the time the estimates are made, of the amount the inventories are expected to realise. These estimates take into consideration fluctuations of price or cost directly relating to events occurring after the end of the period to the extent that such events confirm conditions existing at the end of the period. Materials and other supplies held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. However, when a decline in the price of materials indicates that the cost of the finished products exceeds net realisable value, the materials are written down to net realisable value.

Amount of any reversal of write-down of inventories shall be recognised as an expense as when the event occurs.

A new assessment is made of net realisable value in each subsequent period. When the circumstances that previously caused inventories to be written down below cost no longer exist or when there is clear evidence of an increase in net realisable value because of changed economic circumstances, the amount of the write-down is reversed. Amounts such reversed shall be recognised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognised as an expense in the period in which reversal occurs.

(d) Valuation of Spare parts, stand-by equipments and servicing equipments

Spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are recognised as Property, Plant and Equipment if and only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with them will flow to the Company and their cost can be measured reliably. Otherwise such items are classified and recognised as Inventory.

9. Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Therefore, an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from the date of acquisition. For the purpose of Cash Flow Statement cash and cash equivalent includes bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand.

10. Government Grants

Government grants are assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to the Company in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the Company. Government grants are not be recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to them and the grants will be received. Government grants are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Company recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate.

11. Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

A provision is recognised if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows (representing the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date) at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognised as finance cost. Expected future operating losses are not provided for.

Warranties

A provision for warranties is recognised when the underlying products or services are sold. The provision is based on technical evaluation, historical warranty data and a weighting of all possible outcomes by their associated probabilities.

Restructuring

A provision for restructuring is recognised when the Company has approved a detailed formal restructuring plan, and the restructuring either has commenced or has been announced publicly.

Onerous contracts

A contract is considered to be onerous when the expected economic benefits to be derived by the Company from the contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision for an onerous contract is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before such a provision is made, the Company recognises any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.

12. Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognised upon transfer of control of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods.

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer which is usually on dispatch / delivery.

12. Revenue Recognition (contd.):

Revenue is measured based on the transaction price, which is the consideration, adjusted for volume discounts, rebates, scheme allowances, price concessions, incentives, and returns, if any, as specified in the contracts with the customers. Revenue excludes taxes collected from customers on behalf of the government. Accruals for discounts/incentives and returns are estimated (using the most likely method) based on accumulated experience and underlying schemes and agreements with customers. Due to the short nature of credit period given to customers, there is no financing component in the contract.

The Company has adopted Ind AS - 115 Revenue from contracts with customers, with effect from 1st April, 2018. Ind AS - 115 establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows arising from the contracts with its customers and replaces Ind AS 18 Revenue and Ind AS 11 Construction Contracts.

The Company has adopted Ind AS - 115 using the cumulative effect method whereby the effect of applying this standard is recognised at the date of initial application (i.e. 1st April, 2018). Accordingly, the comparative information in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss is not restated. Impact on adoption of Ind AS - 115 is not material.

Interest Income

Interest income is recognised using the effective interest method as set out in Ind AS 109 - Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or group of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period.

Royalty Income

Royalty income is recognised on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

Dividend Income

Dividend income is recognised when right to receive payment is established and it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

13. Foreign Currency Transactions

Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates whereas presentation currency is thecurrency in which the financial statements are presented. Indian Rupee is the functional as well as presentation currency for the Company.

A foreign currency transaction is recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

At the end of each reporting period, foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate whereas non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured.

Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous Financial Statements are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they arise. When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in Other Comprehensive Income, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. Conversely, when a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

14. Taxation Income tax

Income tax comprises current tax and deferred tax expense. It is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination or to an item recognised directly in Equity or in Other Comprehensive Income.

Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is also recognised in respect of carried forward tax losses and tax credits. Deferred tax is not recognised for:

a. temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction;

b. taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

14. Taxation (contd.)

Deferred tax (contd.)

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. The existence of unused tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profit may not be available. Therefore, in case of a history of recent losses, the Company recognises a deferred tax asset only to the extent that it has sufficient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realised. Deferred tax assets - unrecognised or recognised, are reviewed at each reporting date and are recognised/reduced to the extent that it is probable/no longer probable respectively that the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realised simultaneously.

15. Lease

The Company assesses at contract inception whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

Company as a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

(i) Right-of-use Assets (ROU Assets)

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

Leasehold land 90 to 99 years

Buildings 2 to 10 years

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset. The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in note 19 Impairment of non-financial assets.

(ii) Lease Liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless they are incurred to produce inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs. In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

Lease liability and ROU assets have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

(iii) Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases of machinery and equipment (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases of office equipment that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis

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15. Lease (contd.)

Company as a lessor

Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income arising is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

16. Financial Instruments

(a) Recognition and initial measurement

Trade receivables and debt securities issued are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual terms of the instrument.

A financial asset or financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at Fair Value through Profit and Loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.

(b) Classification and subsequent measurement Financial assets

On initial recognition, a financial asset is measured at

— amortised cost;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI) - debt investment;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income - equity investment; or

— FVTPL

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.

A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A debt investment is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment''s fair value in OCI (designated as FVOCI - equity investment). This election is made on an investment-by-investment basis.

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or FVOCI as described above are measured at FVTPL. This includes all derivative financial assets. On initial recognition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at FVOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

Financial assets: Subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial assets at FVTPL

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Net gains and losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Financial assets at amortised cost

These assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The amortised cost is reduced by impairment losses. Interest income, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss.

Debt investments at FVOCI

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Interest income under the effective interest method, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI. On derecognition, gains and losses accumulated in OCI are reclassified to Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Equity investments at FVOCI

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Dividends are recognised as income in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss unless the dividend clearly represents a recovery of part of the cost of the investment. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI and are not reclassified to Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

16. Financial Instruments (contd.)

Financial liabilities: Classification, subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as held for trading, or it is a derivative or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss. Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is also recognised in Standalone Statementof Profit and Loss.

(c) Derecognition Financial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control of the financial asset.

If the Company enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised on its balance sheet, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognised.

Financial liabilities

The Company derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.

The Company also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows under the modified terms are substantially different. In this case, a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability extinguished and the new financial liability with modified terms is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(d) Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the balance sheet when, and only when, the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

(e) Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts to hedge its foreign currency risk. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Any changes therein are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

17. Borrowing Cost


Mar 31, 2019

Note 1: Significant Accounting Policies

1. Classification of Assets and Liabilities

Schedule III to the Act, requires assets and liabilities to be classified as either current or non-current.

(a) An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be realised in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the Company’s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) it is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(b) All assets other than current assets shall be classified as non-current.

(c) A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be settled in the Company’s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

(d) All liabilities other than current liabilities shall be classified as non-current.

2. Operating Cycle

An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents. The Company has ascertained the operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.

3. Property, Plant and Equipment

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An item of Property, Plant and Equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset is initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

The cost of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts, rebates and any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. The initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located is included in the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment.

The cost of a self-constructed item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises the cost of materials and direct labor, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the item to working condition for its intended use, and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Tangible Property, Plant and Equipment under construction are disclosed as Capital Work-in-progress. Item of Capital Work-in-progress is carried at cost using the principles of valuation of item of property, plant and equipment till it is ready for use, the manner in which intended by management.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company.

(c) Depreciation

The depreciable amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

Each part of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item is depreciated separately.

The depreciation charge for each period is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

Depreciation on additions (disposals) is provided on a pro-rata basis i.e. from (upto) the date on which asset is ready for use (disposed off). Leasehold lands and leasehold improvements are amortised over the primary period of lease.

(d) disposal

The carrying amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is included in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss when the item is derecognised.

4. Investment property

(a) Recognition and Measurement

Land or building held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or sale in the ordinary course of business is recognised as Investment Property. Land held for a currently undetermined future use is also recognised as Investment Property.

An Investment Property is measured initially at its cost. The cost of an Investment Property comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable expenditure. After initial recognition, the Company carries the Investment Property at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

(b) depreciation

After initial recognition, the Company measures all of its Investment Property in accordance with Ind AS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment requirements for cost model. The depreciable amount of an item of Investment Property is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The depreciation charge for each period is generally recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

(c) Fair Value

Fair value of Investment Property is based on a valuation by an independent valuer who holds a recognised and relevant professional qualification and has recent experience in the location and category of the Investment Property being valued. The fair value of Investment Property is disclosed in the Note 3.

(d) Gain or loss on disposal

Any gain or loss on disposal of an Investment Property is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

5. Other Intangible Assets

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. Intangible assets are initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment, if any.

Research and Development

Research is original and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding. Expenditure incurred on research of an internal project is recognised as an expense in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, when it is incurred.

Development is the application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services before the start of commercial production or use. An intangible asset arising from development is recognised if, and only if, the following criteria are met:

(a) it is technically feasibile to complete the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale.

(b) the Company intends to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it.

(c) the Company has ability to use or sell the intangible asset.

(d) the Company can demonstrate how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits.

(e) the Company has adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset.

(f) the Company has ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

Expenditure on research activities is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates.All other expenditure, including expenditure on internally generated goodwill and brands, is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(c) Amortisation

The Company amortises Other Intangible Assets on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. The amortisation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives as estimated by management are as follows:

6. Non-current assets or disposal group held for sale

Non-current assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale if it is highly probable that they will be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use.

Such assets, or disposal groups, are generally measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Any resultant loss on a disposal group is allocated first to goodwill, and then to remaining assets and liabilities on pro rata basis, except that no loss is allocated to inventories, financial assets, deferred tax assets, employee benefit assets, and biological assets, which continue to be measured in accordance with the Company’s other accounting policies. Losses on initial classification as held for sale and subsequent gains and losses on remeasurement are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Once assets classified as held-for-sale, then Property, Plant and Equipment, Investment Property and Other Intangible Assets are no longer required to be depreciated or amortised.

7. Employee Benefits

(a) Short-term Employee Benefits:

Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid e.g., under short-term cash bonus, if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the amount of obligation can be estimated reliably.

(b) Post-Employment Benefits:

Defined contribution plans

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts.

(i) Provident and Family Pension Fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of provident and family pension fund, in which both the employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the employees’ eligible salary (currently 12% of employees’ eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (RPFC) which are charged to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

In respect of contribution to RPFC, the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution, and hence, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Contribution Plan. The Company’s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(ii) Superannuation

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of superannuation fund in which the Company makes annual contribution at a specified percentage of the employees’ eligible salary (currently 15% of employees’ eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Superannuation is classified as Defined Contribution Plan as the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution. The Company’s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Defined Benefit Plans

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company’s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.

The calculation of defined benefit obligation is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a potential asset for the Company, the recognised asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan (‘the asset ceiling’). In order to calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any minimum funding requirements.

Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. The Company determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service (‘past service cost’ or ‘past service gain’) or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The Company recognises gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

Gratuity

The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 days to one month salary payable for each completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months depending upon category of employee. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company has obtained insurance policies with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and makes an annual contribution to LIC for amounts notified by LIC. The Company accounts for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year using the projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised as Other Comprehensive Income.

Provident Fund Trust

In respect of contribution to the trust set up by the Company, since the Company is obligated to meet interest shortfall, if any, with respect to covered employees, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Benefit Plan. Any obligation in this respect is measured on the basis of independent actuarial valuation.

(c) Other Long-term Employee Benefits - Compensated Absences

The Company provides for encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits for future encashment/availment. The Company makes provision for compensated absences based on an independent actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

8. Inventories

(a) Measurement of Inventory

The Company measures its inventories at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

(b) cost of Inventories

The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities), and transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase.

The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production and a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods.

Other costs are included in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The cost of inventories is assigned by weighted average cost formula. The Company uses the same cost formula for all inventories having a similar nature and use to the Company.

(c) net realisable value

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Net realisable value is ascertained for each item of inventories with reference to the selling prices of related finished products.

The practice of writing inventories down below cost to net realisable value is consistent with the view that assets should not be carried in excess of amounts expected to be realised from their sale or use. Inventories are usually written down to net realisable value item by item. Estimates of net realisable value of finished goods and stock-in-trade are based on the most reliable evidence available at the time the estimates are made, of the amount the inventories are expected to realise. These estimates take into consideration fluctuations of price or cost directly relating to events occurring after the end of the period to the extent that such events confirm conditions existing at the end of the period. Materials and other supplies held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. However, when a decline in the price of materials indicates that the cost of the finished products exceeds net realisable value, the materials are written down to net realisable value.

Amount of any reversal of write-down of inventories shall be recognised as an expense as when the event occurs.

A new assessment is made of net realisable value in each subsequent period. When the circumstances that previously caused inventories to be written down below cost no longer exist or when there is clear evidence of an increase in net realisable value because of changed economic circumstances, the amount of the write-down is reversed. Amounts such reversed shall be recongnised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recongnised as an expense in the period in which reversal occurs.

(d) Valuation of Spare parts, stand-by equipments and servicing equipments

Spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are recognised as Property, Plant and Equipment if and only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with them will flow to the Company and their cost can be measured reliably. Otherwise such items are classified and recognised as Inventory.

9. cash and cash equivalents

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Therefore, an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from the date of acquisition. For the purpose of Cash Flow Statement cash and cash equivalent includes bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand.

10. Government Grants

Government grants are assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to the Company in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the Company. Government grants are not be recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to them and the grants will be received. Government grants are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Company recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate.

11. provisions and contingent liabilities

A provision is recognised if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows (representing the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date) at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognised as finance cost. Expected future operating losses are not provided for.

Warranties

A provision for warranties is recognised when the underlying products or services are sold. The provision is based on technical evaluation, historical warranty data and a weighting of all possible outcomes by their associated probabilities.

Restructuring

A provision for restructuring is recognised when the Company has approved a detailed formal restructuring plan, and the restructuring either has commenced or has been announced publicly.

Onerous contracts

A contract is considered to be onerous when the expected economic benefits to be derived by the Company from the contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision for an onerous contract is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before such a provision is made, the Company recognises any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.

12. Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognised upon transfer of control of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods.

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer which is usually on dispatch / delivery. Revenue is measured based on the transaction price, which is the consideration, adjusted for volume discounts, rebates, scheme allowances, price concessions, incentives, and returns, if any, as specified in the contracts with the customers. Revenue excludes taxes collected from customers on behalf of the government. Accruals for discounts/incentives and returns are estimated (using the most likely method) based on accumulated experience and underlying schemes and agreements with customers. Due to the short nature of credit period given to customers, there is no financing component in the contract.

The Company has adopted Ind AS 115 Revenue from contracts with customers, with effect from April 1, 2018. Ind AS 115 establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows arising from the contracts with its customers and replaces Ind AS 18 Revenue and Ind AS 11 Construction Contracts.

The Company has adopted Ind AS 115 using the cumulative effect method whereby the effect of applying this standard is recognised at the date of initial application (i.e. 1 April, 2018). Accordingly, the comparative information in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss is not restated. Impact on adoption of Ind AS 115 is not material.

Interest Income

Interest income is recognised using the effective interest method as set out in Ind AS 109 - Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or group of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period.

Royalty Income

Royalty income is recognised on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

Dividend Income

Dividend income is recognised when right to receive payment is established and it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

13. Foreign Currency Transactions

Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates whereas presentation currency is thecurrency in which the financial statements are presented. Indian Rupee is the functional as well as presentation currency for the Company.

A foreign currency transaction is recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

At the end of each reporting period, foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate whereas non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured.

Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous Financial Statements are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they arise. When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in Other Comprehensive Income, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. Conversely, when a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

14. Taxation Income tax

Income tax comprises current tax and deferred tax expense. It is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination or to an item recognised directly in Equity or in Other Comprehensive Income.

current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is also recognised in respect of carried forward tax losses and tax credits. Deferred tax is not recognised for:

a. temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction;

b. taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. The existence of unused tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profit may not be available. Therefore, in case of a history of recent losses, the Company recognises a deferred tax asset only to the extent that it has sufficient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realised. Deferred tax assets - unrecognised or recognised, are reviewed at each reporting date and are recognised/reduced to the extent that it is probable/no longer probable respectively that the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realised simultaneously.

15. lease

Leases of Property, Plant and Equipment where the Company, as lessee, has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Finance leases are capitalised at the lease’s inception at the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments. The corresponding rental obligations, net of finance charges, are included in borrowings or the financial liabilities as appropriate. Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period.

At inception of an arrangement, it is determined whether the arrangement is or contains a lease. At inception or on reassessment of the arrangement that contains a lease, the payments and other consideration required by such an arrangement are separated into those for the lease and those for other elements on the basis of their relative fair values. If it is concluded for a finance lease that it is impracticable to separate the payments reliably, then an asset and a liability are recognised at an amount equal to the fair value of the underlying asset. The liability is reduced as payments are made and an imputed finance cost on the liability is recognised using the incremental borrowing rate.

Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are not transferred to the Company as lessee are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) are charged to Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss on straight-line basis over the period of the lease unless the payments are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the lessor’s expected inflationary cost increases.

16. Financial Instruments

(a) Recognition and initial measurement

Trade receivables and debt securities issued are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual terms of the instrument.

A financial asset or financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at Fair Value through Profit and Loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.

(b) Classification and subsequent measurement Financial assets

On initial recognition, a financial asset is measured at

— amortised cost;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI) - debt investment;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income - equity investment; or

— FVTPL

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.

A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A debt investment is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in OCI (designated as FVOCI - equity investment). This election is made on an investment-by-investment basis.

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or FVOCI as described above are measured at FVTPL. This includes all derivative financial assets. On initial recognition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at FVOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

Financial assets: Subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial liabilities: Classification, subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as held for trading, or it is a derivative or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss. Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is also recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(c) Derecognition Financial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control of the financial asset.

If the Company enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised on its balance sheet, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognised.

Financial liabilities

The Company derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.

The Company also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows under the modified terms are substantially different. In this case, a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability extinguished and the new financial liability with modified terms is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(d) Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the balance sheet when, and only when, the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

17. Borrowing Cost

The Company capitalises borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset as part of the cost of that asset. The Company recognises other borrowing costs as an expense in the period in which it incurs them. Borrowing costs are interest and other costs that the Company incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds including exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.

A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale.

18. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share

The Company calculates basic earnings per share amounts for profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders and, if presented, profit or loss from continuing operations attributable to those equity holders.

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders (the numerator) by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (the denominator) during the period.

The weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period and for all periods presented shall be adjusted for events, other than the conversion of potential ordinary shares, that have changed the number of ordinary shares outstanding without a corresponding change in resources.

Diluted earnings per share

The Company calculates diluted earnings per share amounts for profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders and, if presented, profit or loss from continuing operations attributable to those equity holders.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the Company adjusts profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders, and the weighted average number of shares outstanding, for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares, if any.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the weighted average number of ordinary shares calculated for calculating basic earnings per share and adjusted the weighted average number of ordinary shares that would be issued on the conversion of all the dilutive potential ordinary shares into ordinary shares. Dilutive potential ordinary shares are deemed to have been converted into ordinary shares at the beginning of the period or, if later, the date of the issue of the potential ordinary shares.

19. Impairment Loss Impairment of Financial Assets

The Company recognises loss allowances for expected credit losses on:

— financial assets measured at amortised cost; and

— financial assets measured at FVOCI- debt investments.

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether financial assets carried at amortised cost are credit-impaired. A financial asset is ‘credit-impaired’ when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred. In accordance with Ind AS 109 - Financial Instruments, the Company follows ‘simplified approach’ for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime expected credit loss at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is written off (either partially or in full) to the extent that there is no realistic prospect of recovery. This is generally the case when the Company determines that the debtor does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subject to the write-off. However, financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with the Company’s procedures for recovery of amounts due.

Impairment of non Financial Assets

An impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate.

The Company assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that an asset is impaired. In assessing whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired, the Company considers External as well as Internal Source of Information. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount for the individual asset. If, and only if, the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the asset is carried at revalued amount in accordance with another Accounting Standards.

I f it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of the individual asset, the Company determines the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs (the asset’s cash-generating unit). A cash-generating unit is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. The Company recognises impairment loss for a cash-generating unit if, and only if, the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit. The Company allocates impairment loss of cash-generating units first to the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the cash-generating units, if any, and then, to the other assets of the cash-generating units pro rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the cash-generating unit. These reductions in carrying amounts shall be treated as impairment losses on individual assets and recognised accordingly.

20. Measurement of fair values

A number of the Companies accounting policies and disclosures require the measurement of fair values, for both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities.

The Company has an established control framework with respect to the measurement of fair values. This includes a valuation team that has overall responsibility for overseeing all significant fair value measurements, including Level 3 fair values, and reports directly to the Chief Financial Officer. The valuation team regularly reviews significant unobservable inputs and valuation adjustments. If third party information, such as broker quotes or pricing services, is used to measure fair values, then the valuation team assesses the evidence obtained from the third parties to support the conclusion that these valuations meet the requirements of Ind AS, including the level in the fair value hierarchy in which the valuations should be classified.

Fair values are categorised into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices).

Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs)

When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses observable market data as far as possible. If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or a liability fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, then the fair value measurement is categorised in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement.

The Company recognises transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period during which the change has occurred.

21. Investment in Subsidiaries

A subsidiary is an entity that is controlled by the Company.

The Company accounts for the investments in equity shares of subsidiaries at cost in accordance with Ind AS 27 - Separate Financial Statements.


Mar 31, 2018

1. Classification of Assets and Liabilities

Schedule III to the Act, requires assets and liabilities to be classified as either Current or Non-current.

(a) An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be realised in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the Company’s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) it is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(b) All assets other than current assets shall be classified as non-current.

(c) A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be settled in the Company’s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

(d) All liabilities other than current liabilities shall be classified as non-current.

2. Operating Cycle

An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents. The Company has ascertained the operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.

3. Property, Plant and Equipment

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An item of Property, Plant and Equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset is initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

The cost of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates and any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. The initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located is included in the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment.

The cost of a self-constructed item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises the cost of materials and direct labor, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the item to working condition for its intended use, and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Tangible Property, Plant and Equipment under construction are disclosed as Capital Work-in-progress. Item of Capital Work-in-progress is carried at cost using the principles of valuation of item of property, plant and equipment till it is ready for use, the manner in which intended by management.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company.

(c) Depreciation

The depreciable amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

Each part of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item is depreciated separately.

The depreciation charge for each period is generally recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

Depreciation on additions (disposals) is provided on a pro-rata basis i.e. from (upto) the date on which asset is ready for use (disposed off). Depreciation charge for the year is displayed as depreciation on the face of Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Leasehold lands and leasehold improvements are amortised over the primary period of lease.

(d) disposal

The carrying amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is included in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss when the item is derecognised.

4. Investment property

(a) Recognition and Measurement

Land or building held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or sale in the ordinary course of business is recognised as Investment Property. Land held for a currently undetermined future use is also recognised as Investment Property.

An investment property is measured initially at its cost. The cost of an investment property comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable expenditure. After initial recognition, the Company carries the investment property at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

(b) depreciation

After initial recognition, the Company measures all of its investment property in accordance with Ind AS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment requirements for cost model. The depreciable amount of an item of investment property is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The depreciation charge for each period is generally recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

(c) Fair Value

Fair value of investment property is based on a valuation by an independent valuer who holds a recognised and relevant professional qualification and has recent experience in the location and category of the investment property being valued. The fair value of investment property is disclosed in the Note 3.

(d) Gain or Loss on disposal

Any gain or loss on disposal of an Investment Property is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

5. Other Intangible Assets

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. Intangible assets are initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

Research and Development

Research is original and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding. Expenditure incurred on research of an internal project is recognised as an expense in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, when it is incurred.

Development is the application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services before the start of commercial production or use. An intangible asset arising from development is recognised if, and only if, the following criteria are met:

(a) it is technically feasibile to complete the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale.

(b) the Company intends to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it.

(c) the Company has ability to use or sell the intangible asset.

(d) the Company can demonstrate how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits.

(e) the Company has adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset.

(f) the Company has ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

Expenditure on research activities is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates. All other expenditure, including expenditure on internally generated goodwill and brands, is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(c) Amortisation

The Company amortises Other Intangible Assets on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. The amortisation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives as estimated by management are as follows:

Amortised intangible asset is displayed as amortisation on the face of Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

6. Non-current assets or disposal group held for sale

Non-current assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale if it is highly probable that they will be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use.

Such assets, or disposal groups, are generally measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Any resultant loss on a disposal group is allocated first to goodwill, and then to remaining assets and liabilities on pro rata basis, except that no loss is allocated to inventories, financial assets, deferred tax assets, employee benefit assets, and biological assets, which continue to be measured in accordance with the Company’s other accounting policies. Losses on initial classification as held for sale and subsequent gains and losses on re-measurement are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Once classified as held-for-sale, Property, Plant and Equipment, Investment Property and Other Intangible Assets are no longer depreciated or amortised.

7. Employee Benefits

(a) Short-term Employee Benefits:

Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid e.g., under short-term cash bonus, if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the amount of obligation can be estimated reliably.

(b) Post-Employment Benefits: Defined Contribution Plans

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts.

(i) Provident and Family Pension Fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of provident and family pension fund, in which both the employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the employees’ eligible salary (currently 12% of employees’ eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (RPFC) which are charged to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

In respect of contribution to RPFC, the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution, and hence, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Contribution Plan. The Company’s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(ii) Superannuation

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of superannuation fund in which the Company makes annual contribution at a specified percentage of the employees’ eligible salary (currently 15% of employees’ eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Superannuation is classified as Defined Contribution Plan as the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution. The Company’s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Defined Benefit Plans

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company’s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.

The calculation of defined benefit obligation is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a potential asset for the Company, the recognised asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan (‘the asset ceiling’). In order to calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any minimum funding requirements.

Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. The Company determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service (‘past service cost’ or ‘past service gain’) or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The Company recognises gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

Gratuity

The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 days to one month salary payable for each completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months depending upon category of employee. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company has obtained insurance policies with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and makes an annual contribution to LIC for amounts notified by LIC. The Company accounts for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year using the projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised as Other Comprehensive Income.

Provident Fund Trust

In respect of contribution to the trust set up by the Company, since the Company is obligated to meet interest shortfall, if any, with respect to covered employees, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Benefit Plan. Any obligation in this respect is measured on the basis of independent actuarial valuation.

(c) Other Long-term Employee Benefits - Compensated Absences:

The Company provides for encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits for future encashment / availment. The Company makes provision for compensated absences based on an independent actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

8. Inventories

(a) Measurement of Inventory

The Company measures its inventories at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

(b) cost of Inventories

The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities), and transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase.

The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production and a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods.

Other costs are included in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The cost of inventories is assigned by weighted average cost formula. The Company uses the same cost formula for all inventories having a similar nature and use to the Company.

(c) Net Realisable Value

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Net realisable value is ascertained for each item of inventories with reference to the selling prices of related finished products.

The practice of writing inventories down below cost to net realisable value is consistent with the view that assets should not be carried in excess of amounts expected to be realised from their sale or use. Inventories are usually written down to net realisable value item by item. Estimates of net realisable value of finished goods and stock-in-trade are based on the most reliable evidence available at the time the estimates are made, of the amount the inventories are expected to realise. These estimates take into consideration fluctuations of price or cost directly relating to events occurring after the end of the period to the extent that such events confirm conditions existing at the end of the period. Materials and other supplies held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. However, when a decline in the price of materials indicates that the cost of the finished products exceeds net realisable value, the materials are written down to net realisable value.

Amount of any reversal of write-down of inventories shall be recognised as an expense as when the event occurs.

A new assessment is made of net realisable value in each subsequent period. When the circumstances that previously caused inventories to be written down below cost no longer exist or when there is clear evidence of an increase in net realisable value because of changed economic circumstances, the amount of the write-down is reversed. Amounts such reversed shall be recongnised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recongnised as an expense in the period in which reversal occurs.

(d) Valuation of Spare parts, Stand-by Equipments and Servicing Equipments

Spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are recognised as Property, Plant and Equipment if and only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with them will flow to the Company and their cost can be measured reliably. Otherwise such items are classified and recognised as Inventory.

9. cash and cash Equivalents

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Therefore, an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from the date of acquisition. Bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand form an integral part of the Company’s cash management, hence bank overdrafts are included as a component of cash and cash equivalents.

10. Government Grants

Government grants are assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to the Company in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the Company. Government grants are not be recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to them and the grants will be received. Government grants are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Company recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate.

11. provisions and contingent liabilities

A provision is recognised if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows (representing the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date) at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognised as finance cost. Expected future operating losses are not provided for.

Warranties

A provision for warranties is recognised when the underlying products or services are sold. The provision is based on technical evaluation, historical warranty data and a weighting of all possible outcomes by their associated probabilities.

Restructuring

A provision for restructuring is recognised when the Company has approved a detailed formal restructuring plan, and the restructuring either has commenced or has been announced publicly.

Onerous contracts

A contract is considered to be onerous when the expected economic benefits to be derived by the Company from the contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision for an onerous contract is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before such a provision is made, the Company recognises any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.

12. Revenue Recognition Sale of Goods

Revenue from the sale of goods shall be recognised when all the following conditions have been satisfied:

(a) the entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods;

(b) the entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold;

(c) the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;

(d) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity; and

(e) the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.

The Company measures revenue at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable taking into account the amount of any sales returns, trade discounts and volume rebates allowed by the Company. No element of financing is deemed present as the sales are made with credit term in line with market practice.

Interest Income

Interest income is recognised using the effective interest method as set out in Ind AS 109 - Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or group of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period.

Royalty Income

Royalty income is recognised on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

Dividend Income

Dividend income is recognised when right to receive payment is established and it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

13. Foreign Currency Transactions

Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates whereas presentation currency is the currency in which the financial statements are presented. Indian Rupee is the functional as well as presentation currency for the Company.

A foreign currency transaction is recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

At the end of each reporting period, foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate whereas non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured.

Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous Financial Statements are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they arise. When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in Other Comprehensive Income, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. Conversely, when a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

14. Taxation Income Tax

Income tax comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination or to an item recognised directly in Equity or in Other Comprehensive Income.

Current Tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

Deferred Tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is also recognised in respect of carried forward tax losses and tax credits. Deferred tax is not recognised for:

a. temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction;

b. taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. The existence of unused tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profit may not be available. Therefore, in case of a history of recent losses, the Company recognises a deferred tax asset only to the extent that it has sufficient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realised. Deferred tax assets - unrecognised or recognised, are reviewed at each reporting date and are recognised / reduced to the extent that it is probable / no longer probable respectively that the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realised simultaneously.

15. Leases

Leases of Property, Plant and Equipment where the Company, as lessee, has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Finance leases are capitalised at the lease’s inception at the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments. The corresponding rental obligations, net of finance charges, are included in borrowings or the financial liabilities as appropriate. Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period.

At inception of an arrangement, it is determined whether the arrangement is or contains a lease. At inception or on reassessment of the arrangement that contains a lease, the payments and other consideration required by such an arrangement are separated into those for the lease and those for other elements on the basis of their relative fair values. If it is concluded for a finance lease that it is impracticable to separate the payments reliably, then an asset and a liability are recognised at an amount equal to the fair value of the underlying asset. The liability is reduced as payments are made and an imputed finance cost on the liability is recognised using the incremental borrowing rate.

Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are not transferred to the Company as lessee are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) are charged to Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss on straight-line basis over the period of the lease unless the payments are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the lessor’s expected inflationary cost increases.

16. Financial Instruments

(a) Recognition and Initial Measurement

Trade receivables and debt securities issued are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

A financial asset or financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at Fair Value through Profit and Loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.

(b) classification and Subsequent Measurement

Financial assets:

On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at

— Amortised cost;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI) - debt investment;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income - equity investment; or

— FVTPL

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.

A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A debt investment is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in OCI (designated as FVOCI - equity investment). This election is made on an investment-by-investment basis.

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or FVOCI as described above are measured at FVTPL. This includes all derivative financial assets. On initial recognition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at FVOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

Financial liabilities: classification, Subsequent Measurement and Gains and losses

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as held for trading, or it is a derivative or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss. Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is also recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(c) derecognition Financial Assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control of the financial asset.

If the Company enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised on its balance sheet, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognised.

Financial Liabilities

The Company derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.

The Company also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows under the modified terms are substantially different. In this case, a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability extinguished and the new financial liability with modified terms is recognised in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(d) Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the balance sheet when, and only when, the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

17. Borrowing cost

The Company capitalises borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset as part of the cost of that asset. The Company recognises other borrowing costs as an expense in the period in which it incurs them. Borrowing costs are interest and other costs that the Company incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds including exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.

A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale.

18. Earnings Per Share Basic Earnings Per Share

The Company calculates basic earnings per share amounts for profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders and, if presented, profit or loss from continuing operations attributable to those equity holders.

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders (the numerator) by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (the denominator) during the period.

The weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period and for all periods presented shall be adjusted for events, other than the conversion of potential ordinary shares, that have changed the number of ordinary shares outstanding without a corresponding change in resources.

Diluted Earnings Per Share

The Company calculates diluted earnings per share amounts for profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders and, if presented, profit or loss from continuing operations attributable to those equity holders.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the Company adjusts profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders, and the weighted average number of shares outstanding, for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares, if any.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the weighted average number of ordinary shares calculated for calculating basic earnings per share and adjusted the weighted average number of ordinary shares that would be issued on the conversion of all the dilutive potential ordinary shares into ordinary shares. Dilutive potential ordinary shares are deemed to have been converted into ordinary shares at the beginning of the period or, if later, the date of the issue of the potential ordinary shares.

19. Impairment Loss Impairment of Financial Assets

The Company recognises loss allowances for expected credit losses on:

— financial assets measured at amortised cost; and

— financial assets measured at FVOCI - debt investments.

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether financial assets carried at amortised cost are credit-impaired. A financial asset is ‘credit-impaired’ when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred.

In accordance with Ind AS 109 - Financial Instruments, the Company follows ‘simplified approach’ for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime expected credit loss at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is written off (either partially or in full) to the extent that there is no realistic prospect of recovery. This is generally the case when the Company determines that the debtor does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subject to the write-off. However, financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with the Company’s procedures for recovery of amounts due.

Impairment of Non Financial Assets

An impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate.

The Company assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that an asset is impaired. In assessing whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired, the Company considers External as well as Internal Source of Information. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount for the individual asset. If, and only if, the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the asset is carried at revalued amount in accordance with another Standard.

If it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of the individual asset, the Company determines the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs (the asset’s cash-generating unit). A cash-generating unit is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. The Company recognises impairment loss for a cash-generating unit if, and only if, the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit. The Company allocates impairment loss of cash-generating units first to the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the cash-generating units, if any, and then, to the other assets of the cash-generating units pro rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the cash-generating unit. These reductions in carrying amounts shall be treated as impairment losses on individual assets and recognised accordingly.

20. Measurement of Fair Values

A number of the Companies accounting policies and disclosures require the measurement of fair values, for both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities.

The Company has an established control framework with respect to the measurement of fair values. This includes a valuation team that has overall responsibility for overseeing all significant fair value measurements, including Level 3 fair values, and reports directly to the Chief Financial Officer.

The valuation team regularly reviews significant unobservable inputs and valuation adjustments. If third party information, such as broker quotes or pricing services, is used to measure fair values, then the valuation team assesses the evidence obtained from the third parties to support the conclusion that these valuations meet the requirements of Ind AS, including the level in the fair value hierarchy in which the valuations should be classified.

Fair values are categorised into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1 : quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 : inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices).

Level 3 : inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).

When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses observable market data as far as possible. If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or a liability fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, then the fair value measurement is categorised in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement.

The Company recognises transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period during which the change has occurred.

21. Investment in Subsidiary

A subsidiary is an entity that is controlled by the Company.

The Company accounts for the investments in equity shares of subsidiaries at cost in accordance with Ind AS 27 - Separate Financial Statements.


Mar 31, 2017

A. Corporate Information

Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited (the ‘Company’) is a public limited company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act. The Company’s shares are listed on National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange. The registered office of the Company is located at Nerolac House, Ganpatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400013. The Company is principally engaged in the manufacturing of Paints.

Kansai Paints Co. Ltd. is immediate and ultimate holding company of Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited and is based and listed in Japan. Financial Statements of Kansai Paints Co. Ltd. are available in public domain.

B. Basis of Preparation

1. Statement of Compliance

The Standalone Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 notified under Section 133 of Companies Act, 2013, (the ‘Act’) and other relevant provisions of the Act. The Standalone Financial Statements up to and for the year ended 31st March, 2016 were prepared in accordance with Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006, notified under Section 133 of the Act and other relevant provisions of the Act.

As these are the Company’s first Standalone Financial Statements prepared in accordance with Ind AS, Ind AS 101, First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards has been applied. An explanation of how the transition to Ind AS has affected the previously reported financial position, financial performance and cash flows of the Company is provided in Note 42.

The Standalone Financial Statements for the year ended 31st March, 2017 have been reviewed by the Audit Committee and approved by the Board of Directors at their meetings held on 2nd May, 2017.

Details of the Company‘s Accounting Policies are included in Note 1.

2. Functional and Presentation Currency

The Standalone Financial Statements are presented in Indian Rupees (INR), which is also the Company’s functional currency. All amounts have been rounded-off to the nearest crores, unless otherwise indicated.

3. Basis of Measurement

The Standalone Financial Statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for investments in mutual funds, non-trade equity shares, bonds and provision for employee defined benefit plans.

4. Use of Estimates and Judgments

In preparing these Standalone Financial Statements, management has made judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized prospectively. Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment in the year ending 31st March, 2018 are as follows:

(a) recognition of deferred tax assets: availability of future taxable profit against which tax losses carried forward can be used;

(b) measurement of defined benefit obligations: key actuarial assumptions;

(c) recognition and measurement of provisions and contingencies: key assumptions about the likelihood and magnitude of an outflow of resources;

(d) determining the fair value less costs to sell of the Non-current Assets held for Sale on the basis of significant unobservable inputs;

Note 1: Significant Accounting Policies

1. Classification of Assets and Liabilities

Schedule III to the Act, requires assets and liabilities to be classified as either Current or Non-current.

(a) An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be realized in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the Company’s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) it is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(b) All assets other than current assets shall be classified as non-current.

(c) A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be settled in the Company’s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

(d) All liabilities other than current liabilities shall be classified as non-current.

2. Operating Cycle

An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash or cash equivalents. The Company has ascertained the operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.

3. Property, Plant and Equipment

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An item of Property, Plant and Equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset is initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

The cost of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates and any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. The initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located is included in the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment.

The cost of a self-constructed item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises the cost of materials and direct labor, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the item to working condition for its intended use, and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Tangible Property, Plant and Equipment under construction are disclosed as Capital Work-in-progress.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalized only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company.

(c) Depreciation

The depreciable amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management believes useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

Each part of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item is depreciated separately.

The depreciation charge for each period is generally recognized in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

Depreciation on additions (disposals) is provided on a pro-rata basis i.e. from (upto) the date on which asset is ready for use (disposed off). Depreciation charge for the year is displayed as depreciation on the face of Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Leasehold lands and leasehold improvements are amortized over the primary period of lease.

(d) Disposal

The carrying amount of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is derecognized on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment is included in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss when the item is derecognized.

4. Investment Property

(a) Recognition and Measurement

Land or building held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or sale in the ordinary course of business is recognized as Investment Property. Land held for a currently undetermined future use is also recognized as Investment Property.

An investment property is measured initially at its cost. The cost of an investment property comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable expenditure. After initial recognition, the Company carries the investment property at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

(b) Depreciation

After initial recognition, the Company measures all of its investment property in accordance with Ind AS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment requirements for cost model. The depreciable amount of an item of investment property is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. The Company provides depreciation on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. Based on internal technical evaluation, the management belives useful lives of the assets are appropriate. The depreciation method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The depreciation charge for each period is generally recognized in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

(c) Fair Value

Fair value of investment property is based on a valuation by an independent valuer who holds a recognized and relevant professional qualification and has recent experience in the location and category of the investment property being valued. The fair value of investment property is disclosed in the Note 3.

(d) Gain or Loss on Disposal

Any gain or loss on disposal of an Investment Property is recognized in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

5. Other Intangible Assets

(a) Recognition and Measurement

An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. Intangible assets are initially measured at its cost and then carried at the cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

Research and Development

Research is original and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding. Expenditure incurred on research of an internal project is recognized as an expense in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, when it is incurred.

Development is the application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services before the start of commercial production or use. An intangible asset arising from development is recognized if, and only if, the following criteria are met:

(a) it is technically feasible to complete the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale.

(b) the Company intends to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it.

(c) the Company has ability to use or sell the intangible asset.

(d) the Company can demonstrate how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits.

(e) the Company has adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset.

(f) the Company has ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

Expenditure on research activities is recognized in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(b) Subsequent Expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalized only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates. All other expenditure, including expenditure on internally generated goodwill and brands, is recognized in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(c) Amortization

The Company amortizes Other Intangible Assets on the straight line method. The Company believes that straight line method reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Company. The amortization method is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

The residual value and the useful life of an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8 - Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. The estimated useful lives as estimated by management are as follows:

Amortized intangible asset is displayed as amortization on the face of Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

6. Non-current assets or disposal group held for sale

Non-current assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale if it is highly probable that they will be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use.

Such assets, or disposal groups, are generally measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Any resultant loss on a disposal group is allocated first to goodwill, and then to remaining assets and liabilities on pro rata basis, except that no loss is allocated to inventories, financial assets, deferred tax assets, employee benefit assets, and biological assets, which continue to be measured in accordance with the Company''s other accounting policies. Losses on initial classification as held for sale and subsequent gains and losses on re-measurement are recognized in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Once classified as held-for-sale, Property, Plant and Equipment, Investment Property and Other Intangible Assets are no longer depreciated or amortized.

7. Employee Benefits

(a) Short-term Employee Benefits:

Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid e.g., under short-term cash bonus, if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the amount of obligation can be estimated reliably.

(b) Post-Employment Benefits:

Defined contribution plans

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts.

(i) Provident and Family Pension Fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of provident and family pension fund, in which both the employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the employees’ eligible salary (currently 12% of employees’ eligible salary). The contributions are made to the provident fund managed by the trust set up by the Company, or to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (RPFC) which are charged to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

In respect of contribution to RPFC, the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution, and hence, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Contribution Plan. The Company''s contribution is recognized as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(ii) Superannuation

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of superannuation fund in which the Company makes annual contribution at a specified percentage of the employees’ eligible salary (currently 15% of employees’ eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Superannuation is classified as Defined Contribution Plan as the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution. The Company’s contribution is recognized as an expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Defined Benefit Plans

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company''s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.

(b) Post Employment Benefits (contd.)

The calculation of defined benefit obligation is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a potential asset for the Company, the recognized asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan (‘the asset ceiling’). In order to calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any minimum funding requirements.

Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognized in Other Comprehensive Income. The Company determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognized in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service (‘past service cost’ or ‘past service gain’) or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognized immediately in profit or loss. The Company recognizes gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

Gratuity

The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 days salary payable for each completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company has obtained insurance policies with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and makes an annual contribution to LIC for amounts notified by LIC. The Company accounts for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year using the projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized as Other Comprehensive Income.

Provident Fund Trust

In respect of contribution to the trust set up by the Company, since the Company is obligated to meet interest shortfall, if any, with respect to covered employees, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Benefit Plan. Any obligation in this respect is measured on the basis of independent actuarial valuation.

(c) Other Long-term Employee Benefits - Compensated Absences:

The Company provides for encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits for future encashment / a ailment. The Company makes provision for compensated absences based on an independent actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

8. Inventories

(a) Measurement of Inventory

The Company measures its inventories at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

(b) Cost of Inventories

The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities), and transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase.

The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production and a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods.

Other costs are included in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

The cost of inventories is assigned by weighted average cost formula. The Company uses the same cost formula for all inventories having a similar nature and use to the Company.

(c) Net Realizable Value

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Net realizable value is ascertained for each item of inventories with reference to the selling prices of related finished products.

The practice of writing inventories down below cost to net realizable value is consistent with the view that assets should not be carried in excess of amounts expected to be realized from their sale or use. Inventories are usually written down to net realizable value item by item. Estimates of net realizable value of finished goods and stock-in-trade are based on the most reliable evidence available at the time the estimates are made, of the amount the inventories are expected to realize. These estimates take into consideration fluctuations of price or cost directly relating to events occurring after the end of the period to the extent that such events confirm conditions existing

(c) Net Realizable Value (contd.)

at the end of the period. Materials and other supplies held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. However, when a decline in the price of materials indicates that the cost of the finished products exceeds net realizable value, the materials are written down to net realizable value. Amount of any reversal of write-down of inventories shall be recognized as an expense as when the event occurs.

A new assessment is made of net realizable value in each subsequent period. When the circumstances that previously caused inventories to be written down below cost no longer exist or when there is clear evidence of an increase in net realizable value because of changed economic circumstances, the amount of the write-down is reversed.

(d) Valuation of Spare Parts, Stand-by Equipments and Servicing Equipments

Spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are recognized as Property, Plant and Equipment if and only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with them will flow to the Company and their cost can be measured reliably. Otherwise such items are classified and recognized as Inventory.

9. Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Therefore, an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from the date of acquisition. Bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand form an integral part of the Company''s cash management, hence bank overdrafts are included as a component of cash and cash equivalents.

10. Government Grants

Government grants are assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to the Company in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the Company. Government grants are not be recognized until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to them and the grants will be received. Government grants are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Company recognizes as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate.

11. Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows (representing the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date) at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognized as finance cost. Expected future operating losses are not provided for.

Warranties

A provision for warranties is recognized when the underlying products or services are sold. The provision is based on technical evaluation, historical warranty data and a weighting of all possible outcomes by their associated probabilities.

Restructuring

A provision for restructuring is recognized when the Company has approved a detailed formal restructuring plan, and the restructuring either has commenced or has been announced publicly.

Onerous contracts

A contract is considered to be onerous when the expected economic benefits to be derived by the Company from the contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision for an onerous contract is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before such a provision is made, the Company recognises any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.

12. Revenue Recognition Sale of Goods

Revenue from the sale of goods shall be recognized when all the following conditions have been satisfied:

(a) the entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods;

(b) the entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold;

(c) the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;

(d) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity; and

(e) the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.

Sale of Goods (contd.)

The Company measures revenue at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable taking into account the amount of any sales returns, trade discounts and volume rebates allowed by the Company. No element of financing is deemed present as the sales are made with credit term in line with market practice.

Interest Income

Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method as set out in Ind AS 39 - Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or group of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period.

Royalty Income

Royalty income is recognized on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

Dividend Income

Dividend income is recognized when right to receive payment is established and it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

13. Foreign Currency Transactions

Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates whereas presentation currency is the currency in which the financial statements are presented. Indian Rupee is the functional as well as presentation currency for the Company.

A foreign currency transaction is recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

At the end of each reporting period, foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate whereas non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured. Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous Financial Statements are recognized in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they arise. When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognized in Other Comprehensive Income, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognized in Other Comprehensive Income. Conversely, when a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognized in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognized in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

14. Taxation Income Tax

Income tax comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognized in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination or to an item recognized directly in Equity or in Other Comprehensive Income.

Current Tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

Deferred Tax

Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is also recognized in respect of carried forward tax losses and tax credits. Deferred tax is not recognized for:

a. temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction;

b. taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. The existence of unused tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profit may not be available. Therefore, in case of a history of recent losses, the Company recognizes a deferred tax asset only to the extent that it has sufficient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realized. Deferred tax assets - unrecognized or recognized, are reviewed at each reporting date and are recognized/ reduced to the extent that it is probable / no longer probable respectively that the related tax benefit will be realized.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

14. Taxation (contd.)

Deferred Tax (contd.)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realized simultaneously.

15. Leases

Leases of Property, Plant and Equipment where the Company, as lessee, has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Finance leases are capitalised at the lease''s inception at the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments. The corresponding rental obligations, net of finance charges, are included in borrowings or the financial liabilities as appropriate. Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period.

At inception of an arrangement, it is determined whether the arrangement is or contains a lease. At inception or on reassessment of the arrangement that contains a lease, the payments and other consideration required by such an arrangement are separated into those for the lease and those for other elements on the basis of their relative fair values. If it is concluded for a finance lease that it is impracticable to separate the payments reliably, then an asset and a liability are recognized at an amount equal to the fair value of the underlying asset. The liability is reduced as payments are made and an imputed finance cost on the liability is recognized using the incremental borrowing rate.

Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are not transferred to the Company as lessee are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the less or) are charged to Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss on straight-line basis over the period of the lease unless the payments are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the less or’s expected inflationary cost increases.

16. Financial Instruments

(a) Recognition and Initial Measurement

Trade receivables and debt securities issued are initially recognized when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

A financial asset or financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at Fair Value through Profit and Loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.

(b) Classification and Subsequent Measurement

Financial assets

On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at

— Amortized cost;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI) - debt investment;

— Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income - equity investment; or

— FVTPL

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.

A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A debt investment is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

— the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

— the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in OCI (designated as FVOCI - equity investment). This election is made on an investment-by-investment basis.

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortized cost or FVOCI as described above are measured at FVTPL. This includes all derivative financial assets. On initial recognition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortized cost or at FVOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

Financial Liabilities: Classification, Subsequent Measurement and Gains and Losses

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortized cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as held- for- trading, or it is a derivative or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss. Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognized in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is also recognized in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(c) Derecognition Financial assets

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control of the financial asset.

If the Company enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognized on its balance sheet, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognized.

Financial liabilities

The Company derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.

The Company also derecognizes a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows under the modified terms are substantially different. In this case, a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognized at fair value. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability extinguished and the new financial liability with modified terms is recognized in Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

(d) Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the balance sheet when, and only when, the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

17. Borrowing Cost

The Company capitalizes borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset as part of the cost of that asset. The Company recognizes other borrowing costs as an expense in the period in which it incurs them. Borrowing costs are interest and other costs that the Company incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds including exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.

A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale.

18. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share

The Company calculates basic earnings per share amounts for profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders and, if presented, profit or loss from continuing operations attributable to those equity holders.

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders (the numerator) by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (the denominator) during the period.

The weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period and for all periods presented shall be adjusted for events, other than the conversion of potential ordinary shares, that have changed the number of ordinary shares outstanding without a corresponding change in resources.

Diluted Earnings Per Share

The Company calculates diluted earnings per share amounts for profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders and, if presented, profit or loss from continuing operations attributable to those equity holders.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the Company adjusts profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders, and the weighted average number of shares outstanding, for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares, if any.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the weighted average number of ordinary shares calculated for calculating basic earnings per share and adjusted the weighted average number of ordinary shares that would be issued on the conversion of all the dilutive potential ordinary shares into ordinary shares. Dilutive potential ordinary shares are deemed to have been converted into ordinary shares at the beginning of the period or, if later, the date of the issue of the potential ordinary shares.

19. Impairment Loss Impairment of Financial Assets

The Company recognizes loss allowances for expected credit losses on:

— financial assets measured at amortized cost; and

— financial assets measured at FVOCI - debt investments.

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether financial assets carried at amortized cost are credit-impaired. A financial asset is ‘credit-impaired’ when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred.

In accordance with Ind AS 109 - Financial Instruments, the Company follows ''simplified approach'' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognizes impairment loss allowance based on lifetime expected credit loss at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is written off (either partially or in full) to the extent that there is no realistic prospect of recovery. This is generally the case when the Company determines that the debtor does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subject to the write-off. However, financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with the Company’s procedures for recovery of amounts due.

Impairment of Non Financial Assets

An impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate.

The Company assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that an asset is impaired. In assessing whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired, the Company considers External as well as Internal Source of Information. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount for the individual asset. If, and only if, the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss, unless the asset is carried at revalued amount in accordance with another Standard.

I f it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of the individual asset, the Company determines the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs (the asset’s cash-generating unit). A cash-generating unit is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. The Company recognizes impairment loss for a cash-generating unit if, and only if, the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit. The Company allocates impairment loss of cash-generating units first to the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the cash-generating units, if any, and then, to the other assets of the cash-generating units pro rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the cash-generating unit. These reductions in carrying amounts shall be treated as impairment losses on individual assets and recognized accordingly.

20. Measurement of Fair Values

A number of the Company’s accounting policies and disclosures require the measurement of fair values, for both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities.

The Company has an established control framework with respect to the measurement of fair values. This includes a valuation team that has overall responsibility for overseeing all significant fair value measurements, including Level 3 fair values, and reports directly to the Chief Financial Officer.

The valuation team regularly reviews significant unobservable inputs and valuation adjustments. If third party information, such as broker quotes or pricing services, is used to measure fair values, then the valuation team assesses the evidence obtained from the third parties to support the conclusion that these valuations meet the requirements of Ind AS, including the level in the fair value hierarchy in which the valuations should be classified.


Mar 31, 2015

(I) Basis of Accounting

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in compliance with the requirements under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (to the extent notified), read with Rule 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014, and other generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in India, to the extent applicable, under the historical cost convention, on the accrual basis of accounting. GAAP comprises mandatory accounting standards as specified in the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006.

(II) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in India requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could defer from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively in current and future periods.

(III) Classification of Assets and Liabilities

Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013 requires assets and liabilities to be classified as either Current or Non-current.

(a) An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be realised in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the Company''s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) it is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(b) All assets other than current assets shall be classified as non-current.

(c) A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) it is expected to be settled in the Company''s normal operating cycle;

(ii) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) t he Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

(d) All liabilities other than current liabilities shall be classified as non-current.

(IV) Operating Cycle

An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash or cash equivalents. The Company has ascertained the operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.

(V) Fixed Assets

(a) Fixed assets are stated at their original cost of acquisition and installation, less accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment losses, if any. Cost comprises of the purchase price and any other directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use.

(b) Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of qualifying assets are capitalised for the period until the asset is ready for its intended use. A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use. Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

(c) Depreciation is provided on the straight-line method using useful life prescribed in Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013. Based on the internal technical evaluation, considering nature and usage of the assets, useful life of the following asset classes are estimated to be higher than that prescribed in the said Act.

(d) Leasehold lands are amortised over the primary period of lease.

(e) Purchase cost and user licence fees for major software are amortised over a period of three years.

(f) Impairment loss is provided to the extent the carrying amount of assets exceed their recoverable amount. if there is any indication of impairment based on internal / external factors, the recoverable amount is estimated for the individual asset. However, if it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of the individual asset, the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs is determined. A cash generating unit is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash flow from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset''s net selling price and its value in use. Value in use is the present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life. Net selling price is the amount obtainable from the sale of an asset in an arm''s length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties less the cost of disposal. If at the Balance Sheet date there is an indication that the previously assessed impairment loss no longer exist, the recoverable amount is reassessed and the asset is reflected at recoverable amount subject to maximum of depreciable historical cost.

(g) Capital expenditure on Research and Development is treated in the same way as expenditure on fixed assets. Revenue expenditure on Research and Development is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss in the year in which it is incurred.

(h) Tangible fixed assets under construction are disclosed as capital work-in-progress.

(i) Items of fixed assets that have been retired from active use and are held for disposal are stated at the lower of their net book value and net realisable value and are shown separately in the Financial Statements. Any expected loss is recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(VI) Investments

(a) Long-term investments are stated at cost. A provision for diminution is made to recognise a decline, other than temporary, in the value of long-term investments. The determination for dimunition is done separately for each individual investment.

(b) Current investments, consist of investments in mutual funds, are stated at lower of cost and fair value, where net asset value declared by the respective funds is considered as fair value.

(c) Profit or loss on sale of investments is determined on the basis of weighted average carrying amount of investments disposed off.

(VII) Inventories

(a) Stores and spare parts are valued at cost less amounts written down.

(b) I nventories other than stores and spare parts are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value after making such provisions as required on account of damaged, unserviceable, inert and obsolete inventories. The comparison of the cost and net realisable value is made on item by item basis.

(c) Cost of inventories compromise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

(d) Cost has been arrived at on the basis of weighted average method. In the case of manufactured inventories and work-in-progress, fixed production overhead are allocated on the basis of normal capacity of production facilities.

(e) The net realisable value of finished goods and stock-in-trade is determined with reference to the selling prices of related finished goods. Raw materials and other supplies held for use in production of inventories are not written down below cost except in cases where material prices have declined and it is estimated that the cost of finished products will exceed their net realisable value. In such cases, the materials are valued at replacement cost.

(VIII) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

(a) A provision is recognised when an enterprise has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions are not discounted to their present values and are determined based on management estimate required to settle the obligation at the Balance Sheet date. These are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current management estimates.

(b) Contingent liabilities are disclosed in respect of possible obligations that have arisen from past events and the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurance or non-occurance of future events not wholly within the control of the Company.

(c) When there is an obligation in respect of which the likelyhood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made.

(IX) Revenue Recognition

(a) Sales are recognised in accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 9 — Revenue viz. when the seller has transferred to the buyer, the property in the goods, for a price, or significant risk and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer and no significant uncertainty exists regarding its collection.

(b) Sales are inclusive of excise duty and are net of sales returns, trade discount and product rebate.

(c) Dividend income is accounted when the right to receive payment is established and known.

(d) Interest income is recognised on the time proportion basis.

(e) Revenue from services is recognized on rendering of services to the customers based on contractual arrangements. Revenue is recorded exclusive of Service Tax.

(X) Employee Benefits

(a) Short-term employee benefits:

Short-term employee benefits are recognised as an expense at the undiscounted amount in the Statement of Profit and Loss of the year in which the related service is rendered.

(b) post-employment benefits:

(i) provident and Family pension Fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of provident and family pension fund, in which both the employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the employees'' eligible salary (currently 12% of employees'' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the provident fund managed by the trust set up by the Company or to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (RPFC) which are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred. In respect of contribution to RPFC, the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution, and hence, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Contribution Plan. The Company''s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

In respect of contribution to the trust set up by the Company, since the Company is obligated to meet interest shortfall, if any, with respect to covered employees, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Benefit Plan in accordance with the Guidance on implementing Accounting Standard (AS) 15 (Revised) on Employee Benefits. Any obligation in this respect is measured on the basis of independent actuarial valuation.

(ii) Superannuation

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of superannuation fund in which the Company makes annual contribution at a specified percentage of the employees'' eligible salary (currently 15% of employees'' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Superannuation is classified as Defined Contribution Plan as the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution. The Company''s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(iii) Gratuity

The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 days salary payable for each completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company has obtained insurance policies with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and makes an annual contribution to LIC for amounts notified by LIC. The Company accounts for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year using the projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(c) Other Long-term Employee Benefits — Compensated Absences:

The Company provides for encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits for future encashment / availment. The Company makes provision for compensated absences based on an independent actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(XI) Foreign currency Transactions

(a) Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rate that approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction. In respect of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, exchange differences arising out of settlement are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies as at the Balance Sheet date are translated at the exchange rates on that date, the resultant exchange differences are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(b) Premiums or discounts arising at the inception of the forward foreign exchange contracts, other than contracts to hedge a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction, are amortised and recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the period of the contract. Such forward foreign exchange contract outstanding as at the Balance Sheet date are converted at the exchange rates prevailing on that date. Exchange differences are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(XII) Accounting for Derivatives

Apart from forward exchange contracts taken to hedge existing assets or liabilities, the company also uses derivatives to hedge its foreign currency risk exposure relating to firm commitments and highly probably forecast transactions. In accordance with the relevant pronouncement of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, the Company provides for net losses in respect of such derivative contracts at the balance sheet date by marking them to market. Net gain, if any, is not recognised. The contracts are aggregated category-wise to determine the net gain / loss.

(XIII) taxation

Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the tax authorities in accordance with the Income-tax Act, 1961. Deferred tax reflects the impact of current year timing differences between taxable income and accounting income for the year and reversal of timing differences of earlier years. Deferred tax is measured based on the tax rate and tax laws enacted or substantially enacted as at the Balance Sheet date. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised in future; however, where there is unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward of losses, deferred tax assets are recognised only if there is virtual certainty of realisation of such assets. Deferred tax assets are reviewed as at each Balance Sheet date and written down or written up to reflect the amount that is reasonably / virtually certain (as the case may be) to be realised.

(XIV) Leases

Leases where the lessor effectively retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the leased assets are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments / receipts are recognised as an expense / income in the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(XV) cash and cash equivalents

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents are short-term (with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition), highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.


Mar 31, 2013

(I) basis of Accounting

The financial statements are prepared under historical cost convention on an accrual basis and are in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956, and comply with the Accounting Standards referred to in sub-section (3C) of Section 211 of the said Act.

(II) use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in India requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could defer from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively in current and future period.

(III) classification of Assets and Liabilities

The Revised Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956 requires assets and liabilities to be classified as either Current or Non-current.

(a) An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) It is expected to be realized in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the company''s normal operating cycle;

(ii) It is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) It is expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) It is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(b) All assets other than current assets shall be classified as non-current.

(c) A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) It is expected to be settled in the company''s normal operating cycle;

(ii) It is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) The company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(d) All liabilities other than current liabilities shall be classified as non-current.

(IV) Operating cycle

An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash or cash equivalents.

(B) Summary of Significant Accounting policies

(I) Fixed Assets

(a) Fixed assets are stated at their original cost of acquisition and installation, less accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment losses, if any. Cost comprises of the purchase price and any other directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use.

(b) Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of qualifying assets are capitalised for the period until the asset is ready for its intended use. A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use. Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

(c) Depreciation on fixed assets has been provided using straight line method, where hitherto Written Down Value method was adopted, in the manner and at the rates prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956. The rates of depreciation prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956 are considered as the minimum rates. If the management''s estimate of the useful life of a fixed asset at the time of acquisition of the asset or of the remaining useful life on a subsequent review is shorter than that envisaged in the aforesaid schedule, depreciation is provided at the higher rate in line with the management''s estimates of the useful life/remaining useful life. Pursuant to this policy, in respect of colour dispensers the rate of 20 per cent is applied , which management considers as being representative of the useful economic life of such assets. Assets costing less than Rs. 5,000 each are fully depreciated in the year of capitalisation.

Effective 1 April 2012, the Company has changed the method of providing depreciation from written down value to straight line method. In management''s view this change results in more appropriate presentation and gives a systematic basis of depreciation charge, representative of pattern of usage and economic benefits of the assets and provide greater consistency with the depreciation method used by other companies in the paint industry. Accordingly, excess depreciation charged for earlier years upto 31st March, 2012 aggregating Rs. 1149.25 million has been written back and recognized as an exceptional item in the Statement of Profit and Loss for the year ended 31st March, 2013. Had the Company continued to use the earlier method of depreciation:

(d) Leasehold land is amortised over the primary period of lease.

(e) Purchase cost and user licence fees for major software are amortised over a period of three years.

(f) Impairment loss is provided to the extent the carrying amount of assets exceed their recoverable amount. The carrying amount of assets are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date if there is any indication of impairment based on internal/external factors. Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset''s net selling price and its value in use. Value in use is the present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life. Net selling price is the amount obtainable from the sale of an asset in an arm''s length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties less the cost of disposal. If at the Balance Sheet date there is an indication that the previously assessed impairment loss no longer exist, the recoverable amount is reassessed and the asset is reflected at recoverable amount subject to maximum of depreciable historical cost.

(g) Capital expenditure on Research and Development is treated in the same way as expenditure on fixed assets. Revenue expenditure on Research and Development is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss in the year in which it is incurred.

(h) Tangible fixed assets under construction are disclosed as capital work-in-progress.

(II) Investments

(a) Investments that are readily realisable and intended to be held for not more than a year from the date of acquisition are classified as current investments.

(b) Long term investments are stated at cost. A provision for diminution is made to recognise a decline, other than temporary, in the value of long term investments. The determination for diminution is done separately for each individual investment.

(c) Current investments, consist of investments in mutual funds, are stated at lower of cost and fair value, where the net asset value declared by the respective funds is considered as fair value.

(d) Profit or Loss on sale of investments is determined on the basis of weighted average carrying amount of investments disposed off.

(III) Inventories

(a) Stores and spare parts are valued at cost less amounts written down.

(b) Inventories other than stores and spare parts are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value after making such provisions as required on account of damaged, unserviceable, inert and obsolete stocks. The comparison of the cost and net realisable value is made on item by item basis.

(c) Cost of inventories compromise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

(d) Cost has been arrived at on the basis of weighted average method. In the case of manufactured inventories and work-in-progress, fixed production overhead are allocated on the basis of normal capacity of production facilities.

(e) The net realisable value of finished goods and stock-in-trade is determined with reference to the selling prices of related finished goods. Raw materials and other supplies held for use in production of inventories are not written down below cost except in cases where material prices have declined and it is estimated that the cost of finished products will exceed their net realisable value. In such cases, the materials are valued at replacement cost.

(IV) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

(a) A provision is recognised when an enterprise has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions are not discounted to their present values and are determined based on management estimate required to settle the obligation at the Balance Sheet date. These are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current management estimates.

(b) Contingent liabilities are disclosed in respect of possible obligations that have arisen from past events and the existance of which will be confirmed only by the occurance or non-occurance of future events not wholly within the control of the Company.

(c) When there is an obligation in respect of which the likelyhood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made.

(V) Revenue Recognition

(a) Sales are recognised in accordance with Accounting Standard 9 viz. when the seller has transferred to the buyer, the property in the goods, for a price, or significant risk and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer.

(b) Sales are inclusive of excise duty and are net of trade discount and product rebate.

(c) Dividend income is accounted when the right to receive payment is established and known.

(d) Interest income is recognised on the time proportion basis.

(e) Revenue from services is recognized on rendering of services to the customers based on contractual arrangements. Revenue is recorded exclusive of Service Tax.

(VI) Employee benefits

(a) Short Term employee benefits

Employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of receiving employee services are classified as short-term employee benefits. These benefits includes salaries and wages, bonus, ex-gratia etc. These are recognised as an expense at an undiscounted amount in the Statement of Profit and Loss of the year in which the related service is rendered.

(b) post-employment benefits

(i) provident and Family pension Fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of provident and family pension fund, in which both the employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the employees'' eligible salary (currently 12% of employees'' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the provident fund managed by the trust set up by the Company or to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (RPFC) which are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred. In respect of contribution to RPFC, the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution, and hence, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Contribution Plan. In respect of contribution to the trust set up by the Company, since the Company is obligated to meet interest shortfall, if any, with respect to covered employees, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Benefit Plan in accordance with the Guidance on implementing Accounting Standard (AS) 15 (Revised) on Employee Benefits.

(ii) Superannuation

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of superannuation fund in which the Company makes annual contribution at a specified percentage of the employees'' eligible salary (currently 15% of employees'' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Superannuation is classified as Defined Contribution Plan as the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution. The Company''s contribution is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(iii) Gratuity

The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 days salary payable for each completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company has obtained insurance policies with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and makes an annual contribution to LIC for amounts notified by LIC. The Company accounts for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(c) Other Long-term employee benefits — compensated Absences

The Company provides for encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits for future encashment/availment. The Company makes provision for compensated absences based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(VII) Foreign currency Transactions

(a) Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rate that approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction. In respect of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, exchange differences arising out of settlement are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies as at the Balance Sheet date are translated at the exchange rates on that date, the resultant exchange differences are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(b) Premiums or discounts arising at the inception of the forward foreign exchange contracts, other than contracts to hedge a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction, are amortised and recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the period of the contract. Such forward foreign exchange contract outstanding as at the Balance Sheet date are converted at the exchange rates prevailing on that date. Exchange differences are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(VIII) Accounting for Derivatives

Forward contracts to which Accounting Standard (AS) 11 — ''The Effect of Change in Foreign Exchange Rates'' is applicable, the accounting policy as stated in Note 1 (B) (VII)(b) is followed. In respect of other derivative contracts including forward foreign exchange contracts to which the aforesaid accounting standard is not applicable are marked to market at the rate on the Balance Sheet date. The resultant exchange differences are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(IX) taxation

Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the tax authorities in accordance with the Income-tax Act, 1961. Deferred tax reflects the impact of current year timing differences between taxable income and accounting income for the year and reversal of timing differences of earlier years. Deferred tax is measured based on the tax rate and tax laws enacted or substantially enacted as at the Balance Sheet date. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised in future; however, where there is unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward of losses, deferred tax assets are recognised only if there is virtual certainty of realisation of such assets. Deferred tax assets are reviewed as at each Balance Sheet date and written down or written up to reflect the amount that is reasonably/ virtually certain (as the case may be) to be realised.

(X) Leases

Leases where the lessor effectively retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the leased assets are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments/receipts are recognised as an expense/ income in the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(XI) cash and cash equivalent

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents are short term (with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition), highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.


Mar 31, 2012

(I) Basis of Accounting

The financial statements are prepared under historical cost convention on an accrual basis and are in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956, and comply with the Accounting Standards referred to in sub-section (3C) of Section 211 of the said Act.

(II) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in India requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could defer from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively in current and future period.

(III) Classification of Assets and Liabilities

The Revised Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956 requires assets and liabilities to be classified as either Current or Non-current.

(a) An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) It is expected to be realized in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the Company's normal operating cycle;

(ii) It is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) It is expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) It is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(b) All assets other than current assets shall be classified as non-current.

(c) A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:

(i) It is expected to be settled in the company's normal operating cycle;

(ii) It is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;

(iii) It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or

(iv) The company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

(d) All liabilities other than current liabilities shall be classified as non-current.

(IV) Operating Cycle

An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash or cash equivalents.

(V) Previous Year Figures

The financial statements for the year ended 31st March, 2012 have been presented as per the Revised Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956. Accordingly, the previous year's figures have also been reclassified to conform to this year's classification.

(B) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(I) Fixed Assets

(a) Fixed assets are stated at their original cost of acquisition and installation, less accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment losses, if any. Cost comprises of the purchase price and any other directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use.

(b) Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of qualifying assets are capitalised for the period until the asset is ready for its intended use. A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use. Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

(I) Fixed Assets (contd.)

(c) Depreciation is provided on the written down value method at the rates prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956. The rates of depreciation prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956 are considered as the minimum rates. If the management's estimate of the useful life of a fixed asset at the time of acquisition of the asset or of the remaining useful life on a subsequent review is shorter than that envisaged in the aforesaid schedule, depreciation is provided at the higher rate based on the mangement's estimates of the useful life / remaining useful life. Pursuant to this policy, in respect of colour dispensers the rate of depreciation applied is 45 per cent, which management considers as being representative of the useful economic life of such assets. Assets costing less than Rs 5,000 each are fully depreciated in the year of capitalisation.

(d) Leasehold lands are amortised over the primary period of lease.

(e) Purchase cost and user licence fees for major software are amortised over a period of three years.

(f) Impairment loss is provided to the extent the carrying amount of assets exceed their recoverable amount. The carrying amount of assets are reviewed at each balance sheet date if there is any indication of impairment based on internal / external factors. Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's net selling price and its value in use. Value in use is the present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life. Net selling price is the amount obtainable from the sale of an asset in an arm's length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties less the cost of disposal. If at the Balance Sheet date there is an indication that the previously assessed impairment loss no longer exist, the recoverable amount is reassessed and the asset is reflected at recoverable amount subject to maximum of depreciable historical cost.

(g) Capital expenditure on Research and Development is treated in the same way as expenditure on fixed assets. Revenue expenditure on Research and Development is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss in the year in which it is incurred.

(II) Investments

(a) Long-term investments are stated at cost. A provision for diminution is made to recognise a decline, other than temporary, in the value of long-term investments. The determination for diminution is done separately for each individual investment.

(b) Current investments, consist of investments in mutual funds, are stated at lower of cost and fair value where net asset value declared by the respective funds is considered as fair value.

(c) Profit or loss on sale of investments is determined on the basis of weighted average carrying amount of investments disposed off.

(III) Inventories

(a) Stores and spare parts are valued at cost less amounts written down.

(b) Inventories other than stores and spare parts are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value after making such provisions as required on account of damaged, unserviceable, inert and obsolete stocks. The comparison of the cost and net realisable value is made on item by item basis.

(c) Cost has been arrived at on the basis of weighted average method.

(d) The net realisable value of finished goods and stock-in-trade is determined with reference to the selling prices of related finished goods. Raw materials and other supplies held for use in production of inventories are not written down below cost except in cases where material prices have declined and it is estimated that the cost of finished products will exceed their net realisable value. In such cases, the materials are valued at replacement cost.

(IV) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

(a) A provision is recognised when an enterprise has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions are not discounted to their present values and are determined based on management estimate required to settle the obligation at the Balance Sheet date. These are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current management estimates.

(IV) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities (contd.)

(b) Contingent liabilities are disclosed in respect of possible obligations that have arisen from past events and the existance of which will be confirmed only by the occurance or non-occurance of future events not wholly within the control of the Company.

(c) When there is an obligation in respect of which the likelyhood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made.

(V) Revenue Recognition

(a) Sales are recognised in accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 9 — Revenue viz. when the seller has transferred to the buyer, the property in the goods, for a price, or significant risk and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer.

(b) Sales are inclusive of excise duty and are net of trade discount and product rebate.

(c) Dividend income is accounted when the right to receive payment is established and known.

(d) Interest income is recognised on the time proportion basis.

(VI) Employee Benefits

(a) Short Term Employee Benefits:

Short term employee benefits are recognised as an expense at the undiscounted amount in the Statement of Profit and Loss of the year in which the related service is rendered.

(b) Post-employment Benefits:

(i) Provident and Family Pension Fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of provident and family pension fund, in which both the employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the employees' eligible salary (currently 12% of employees' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the provident fund managed by the trust set up by the Company or to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (RPFC) which are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred. In respect of contribution to RPFC, the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution, and hence, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Contribution Plan. In respect of contribution to the trust set up by the Company, since the Company is obligated to meet interest shortfall, if any, with respect to covered employees, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Benefit Plan in accordance with the Guidance on implementing Accounting Standard (AS) 15 (Revised) on Employee Benefits.

(ii) Superannuation

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of superannuation fund in which the Company makes annual contribution at a specified percentage of the employees' eligible salary (currently 15% of employees' eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Superannuation is classified as Defined Contribution Plan as the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution. The Company's contribution is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.

(iii) Gratuity

The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 days salary payable for each completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company has obtained insurance policies with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and makes an annual contribution to LIC for amounts notified by LIC. The Company accounts for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(VI) Employee Benefits (contd.)

(c) Other Long-Term Employee Benefits — Compensated Absences:

The Company provides for encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits for future encashment / availment. The Company makes provision for compensated absences based on an independent actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(VII) Foreign Currency Transactions

(a) Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rate that approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction. In respect of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, exchange differences arising out of settlement are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies as at the Balance Sheet date are translated at the exchange rates on that date, the resultant exchange differences are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(b) Premiums or discounts arising at the inception of the forward foreign exchange contracts, other than contracts to hedge a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction, are amortised and recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the period of the contract. Such forward foreign exchange contract outstanding as at the Balance Sheet date are converted at the exchange rates prevailing on that date. Exchange differences are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(VIII) Accounting for Derivatives

Forward contracts to which Accounting Standard (AS) 11 — 'The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates' is applicable, the accounting policy as stated in Note 1 (B) (VII)(b) is followed. In respect of other derivative contracts including forward foreign exchange contracts to which the aforesaid accounting standard is not applicable are marked to market at the rate on the Balance Sheet date. The resultant exchange losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Gains arising on the same are not recognised, until realised, on grounds of prudence.

(IX) Taxation

Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the tax authorities in accordance with the Income-tax Act, 1961. Deferred tax reflects the impact of current year timing differences between taxable income and accounting income for the year and reversal of timing differences of earlier years. Deferred tax is measured based on the tax rate and tax laws enacted or substantially enacted as at the balance sheet date. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised in future; however, where there is unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward of losses, deffered tax assets are recognised only if there is virtual certainty of realisation of such assets. Deferred tax assets are reviewed as at each Balance Sheet date and written down or written up to reflect the amount that is reasonably / virtually certain (as the case may be) to be realised.

(X) Leases

Leases where the lessor effectively retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the leased assets are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments / receipts are recognised as an expense / income in the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(XI) Cash and Cash Equivalent

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents are short term (with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition), highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

* With restructuring of the production facilities, the timing of the outflow of provision Rs 255.36 Million (2010-2011 Rs 255.36 Million) recognised in respect of matters relating to indirect taxes is dependent on the outcome of the settlement with the appropriate authorities.

* The Company is selling certain products with a warranty of four to seven years. Accordingly, provision has been recognised on the basis of management's expectation of warranty claims on such products.


Mar 31, 2011

(i) Basis of Accounting

The financial statements are prepared under historical cost convention on an accrual basis and are in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956, and comply with the Accounting Standards referred to in sub-section (3C) of Section 211 of the said Act.

(ii) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in India, requires management to make estimate and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could defer from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively in current and future period.

(iii) Fixed Assets

Fixed assets are stated at their original cost of acquisition and installation, less accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment losses if any. Cost comprises of the purchase price and any other directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use.

(iv) Borrowing Costs

Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of qualifying assets are capitalised for the period until the asset is ready for its intended use. A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use. Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

(v) Depreciation

(a) Depreciation is provided on the written down value method at the rates prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956. The rates of depreciation prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956 are considered as the minimum rates. If the managements estimate of the useful life of a fixed asset at the time of acquisition of the asset or of the remaining useful life on a subsequent review is shorter than that envisaged in the aforesaid schedule, depreciation is provided at the higher rate based on the managements estimates of the useful life / remaining useful life. Pursuant to this policy, in respect of colour dispensers the rate of depreciation applied is 45 per cent, which management considers as being representative of the useful economic life of such assets.

(b) Leasehold land and leasehold improvements are amortised over the primary period of lease.

(c) Purchase cost and user licence fees for major software are amortised over a period of three years.

(vi) Impairment

The carrying amount of assets are reviewed at each balance sheet date if there is any indication of impairment based on internal / external factors. Impairment loss is provided to the extent the carrying amount of assets exceed their recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is the higher of an assets net selling price and its value in use. Value in use is the present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life. Net selling price is the amount obtainable from the sale of an asset in an arms length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties less the cost of disposal. If at the balance sheet date there is an indication that the previously assessed impairment loss no longer exist, the recoverable amount is reassessed and the asset is refected at recoverable amount subject to maximum of depreciable historical cost.

(vii) Investments

(a) Long term investments are stated at cost. A provision for diminution is made to recognise a decline, other than temporary, in the value of long term investments. The determination for dimunition is done separately for each individual investment.

(b) Current investments, consist of investments in mutual funds, are stated at lower of cost and fair value where net asset value declared by the respective funds is considered as fair value.

(c) Profit or loss on sale of investments is determined on the basis of weighted average carrying amount of investments disposed off.

(viii) Inventories

(a) Stores and spare parts are valued at cost less amounts written down.

(b) Stock in trade comprising of raw materials, packing materials, stock in process and finished goods are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value after making such provisions as required on account of damaged, unserviceable, inert and obsolete stocks. The comparison of the cost and net realisable value is made on item by item basis.

(c) Cost has been arrived at on the basis of weighted average method.

(d) The net realisable value of stock in process is determined with reference to the selling prices of related finished goods. Raw materials and other supplies held for use in production of inventories are not written down below cost except in cases where material prices have declined and it is estimated that the cost of finished products will exceed their net realisable value. In such cases, the materials are valued at replacement cost.

(ix) Revenue Recognition

(a) Sales are recognised in accordance with Accounting Standard 9 viz. when the seller has transferred to the buyer, the property in the goods, for a price, or significant risk and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer.

(b) Sales are inclusive of excise duty, processing charges, sale of scrap and income from services and are net of trade discount and product rebate.

(c) Dividend income is accounted when the right to receive payment is established and known.

(d) Interest income is recognised on the time proportion basis.

(x) Employee Benefits

(a) Short term employee benefits :

Short term employee benefits are recognised as an expense at the undiscounted amount in the profit and loss account of the year in which the related service is rendered.


Mar 31, 2010

(i) BASIS OF ACCOUNTING

The financial statements are prepared under historical cost convention on an accrual basis and are in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956, and comply with the Accounting Standards referred to in sub-section (3C) of Section 211 of the said Act.

(ii) USE OF ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in India, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could defer from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively in current and future period.

(iii) FIXED ASSETS

Fixed assets are stated at their original cost of acquisition and installation, less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses if any. Cost comprises of the purchase price and any other directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use.

(iv) BORROWING COSTS

Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of qualifying assets are capitalised for the period until the asset is ready for its intended use. A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use. Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

(v) DEPRECIATION

(a) Depreciation is provided on the written down value method at the rates prescribed in Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956. The rates of depreciation prescribed in schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956 are considered as the minimum rates. If the managements estimate of the useful life of a fixed asset at the time of acquisition of the asset or of the remaining useful life on a subsequent review is shorter than that envisaged in the aforesaid schedule, depreciation is provided at the higher rate based on the mangements estimates of the useful life / remaining useful life. Pursuant to this policy, in respect of colour dispensers the rate of depreciation applied is 45 per cent, which management considers as being representative of the useful economic life of such assets.

(b) Leasehold land and leasehold improvements are amortised over the primary period of lease.

(c) Purchase cost and user licence fees for major software are amortised over a period of three years.

(vi) IMPAIRMENT

The carrying amount of assets are reviewed at each balance sheet date if there is any indication of impairment based on internal / external factors. Impairment loss is provided to the extent the carrying amount of assets exceed their recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is the higher of an assets net selling price and its value in use. Value in use is the present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life. Net selling price is the amount obtainable from the sale of an asset in an arms length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties, less the cost of disposal. If at the balance sheet date there is an indication that the previously assessed impairment loss no longer exist, the recoverable amount is reassessed and the asset is reflected at recoverable amount subject to maximum of depreciable historical cost.

(vii) INVESTMENTS

(a) Long term investments are stated at cost. A provision for diminution is made to recognise a decline, other than temporary, in the value of long term investments. The determination for dimunition is done separately for each individual investment.

(b) Current investments, consist of investments in mutual funds, are stated at lower of cost and fair value where net asset value declared by the respective funds is considered as fair value.

(c) Profit or loss on sale of investments is determined on the basis of weighted average carrying amount of investments disposed off.

(viii) INVENTORIES

(a) Stores and spare parts are valued at cost less amounts written down.

(b) Stock-in-trade comprising of raw materials (including in-transit), packing materials, stock-in-process and finished goods are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value after making such provisions as required on account of damaged, unserviceable, inert and obsolete stocks. The comparision of the cost and net realisable value is made on item by item basis.

(c) Cost has been arrived at on the basis of weighted average method.

(d) The net realisable value of stock-in-process is determined with reference to the selling prices of related finished goods. Raw materials and other supplies held for use in production of inventories are not written down below cost except in cases where material prices have declined and it is estimated that the cost of finished products will exceed their net realisable value. In such cases, the material are valued at replacement cost.

(ix) REVENUE RECOGNITION

(a) Sales are recognised in accordance with Accounting Standard-9 viz. when the seller has transferred to the buyer, the property in the goods, for a price, or significant risk and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer.

(b) Sales are inclusive of excise duty, processing charges, sale of scrap and income from services and are net of trade discount and product rebate.

(c) Dividend income is accounted when the right to receive payment is established and known.

(d) Interest income is recognised on the time proportion basis.

(x) EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

(a) Short term employee benefits:

Short term employee benefits are recognised as an expense at the undiscounted amount in the profit and loss account of the year in which the related service is rendered.

(b) Post-employment benefits:

1. Provident and Family Pension Fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of provident

and family pension fund, in which both the employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a

specified percentage of the employees eligible salary (currently 12% of employees eligible salary).

The contributions are made to the provident fund managed by the trust set up by the Company or to the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (RPFC) which are charged to the profit and loss account as incurred.

In respect of contribution to RPFC, the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution, and hence, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Contribution Plan.

In respect of contribution to the trust set up by the Company, since the Company is obligated to meet interest shortfall, if any, with respect to covered employees, such employee benefit plan is classified as Defined Benefit Plan in accordance with the Guidance on implementing Accounting Standard (AS)-15 (Revised) on Employee Benefits.

2. Superannuation

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive post employment benefits in respect of superannuation fund in which the Company makes annual contribution at a specified percentage of the employees eligible salary (currently 15% of employees eligible salary). The contributions are made to the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Superannuation is classified as Defined Contribution Plan as the Company has no further obligations beyond making the contribution. The Companys contribution to Defined Contribution Plan is charged to profit and loss account as incurred.

3. Gratuity

The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 days salary payable for each completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company has obtained insurance policies with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and makes an annual contribution to LIC for amounts notified by LIC. The Company accounts for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent external actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the profit and loss account.

(X) EMPLOYEE BENEFITS (contd.)

(c) Other long-term employee benefits - compensated absences:

The Company provides for encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits for future encashment / availment. The Company makes provision for compensated absences based on an independent actuarial valuation carried out at the end of the year. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the profit and loss account.

(xi) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Capital expenditure on Research and Development is treated in the same way as expenditure on fixed assets. Revenue expenditure on Research and Development is charged to the Profit and Loss Account in the year in which it is incurred.

(xii) FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS

(a) Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rate that approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction. In respect of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, exchange differences arising out of settlement are recognised in the profit and loss account. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies as at the balance sheet date are translated at the exchange rates on that date, the resultant exchange differences are recognised in the profit and loss account.

(b) Premiums or discounts arising at the inception of the forward foreign exchange contracts, other than contracts to hedge a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction, are amortised and recognised in the Profit and Loss Account over the period of the contract. Such forward foreign exchange contract outstanding as at the Balance Sheet date are converted at the exchange rates prevailing on that date. Exchange differences are recognised in the Profit and Loss Account.

(xiii) ACCOUNTING FOR DERIVATIVES

Forward contracts to which Accounting Standard (AS) 11 - The Effect of Change in Foreign Exchange Rates is applicable.the policy as stated in Note (xii) (b) above is followed. In respect of forward contracts outstanding as at the balance sheet date to which the aforesaid accounting standard is not applicable are marked to market.

(xiv) TAXATION

Tax expense comprises current, deferred and fringe benefit tax. Current tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the tax authorities in accordance with the Income-tax Act, 1961. Deferred tax reflects the impact of current year timing differences between taxable income and accounting income for the year and reversal of timing differences of earlier years. Deferred tax is measured based on the tax rate and tax laws enacted or substantially enacted at the balance sheet date. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised in future; however, where there is unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward of losses, deffered tax assets are recognised only if there is a virtual certainty of realisation of such assets. Deferred tax assets are reviewed as at each balance sheet date and written down or written up to reflect the amount that is reasonably / virtually certain (as the case may be) to be realised.

(xv) PROVISIONS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

(a) A provision is recognised when an enterprise has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions are not discounted to their present values and are determined based on management estimate required to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current management estimates.

(b) Contingent liabilities are disclosed in respect of possible obligations that have arisen from past events and the existance of which will be confirmed only by the occurance or non-occurance of future events not wholly within the control of the Company.

(c) When there is an obligation in respect of which the likelyhood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made.

(xvi) LEASES

Leases where the lessor effectively retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the leased assets are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments / receipts are recognised as an expense / income in the Profit and Loss Account on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

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