Mar 31, 2022
Thermax Limited (âthe Companyâ) offers solutions to energy, environment and chemical sectors.
The Companyâs portfolio includes boilers and heaters, absorption chillers/ heat pumps, power plants, solar equipment, air pollution control equipment/system, water and waste recycle plant, ion exchange resins and performance chemicals and related services.
The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India. It is listed on the BSE Limited (BSE) and National Stock Exchange Limited (NSE) in India. The address of its registered office is D-13,
MIDC Industrial Area, R.D. Aga Road, Chinchwad,
Pune- 411019, India. The Board of Directors have authorized to issue these standalone financial statements on May 20, 2022. The CIN of the Company is L29299PN1980PLC022787.
These standalone financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS), notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as amended from time to time) and presentation requirements of Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013, (Act) as applicable to the standalone financial statements.
The preparation of the standalone financial statements requires the use of certain critical accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions. It also requires the management to exercise judgment in the process of applying the Companyâs accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the standalone financial statements are disclosed in note 3.
The employee welfare trusts (including an ESOP trust) being separate legal entities, are not considered for the purpose of consolidation in the standalone financial statements. However, these trusts have been consolidated in the consolidated financial statements under Ind AS 110.
The accounting policies adopted for preparation and presentation of these standalone financial statements have been consistently applied except for changes resulting from amendments to Ind AS issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, effective for financial years beginning on or after April 1, 2021 as disclosed in note 2.2.
The standalone financial statements have been prepared on the accrual and going concern basis under historical cost convention except the following:
Derivative financial instruments;
Certain financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments); and
Defined benefit plans whereby the plan assets are measured at fair value.
2.2.1. Consequent to amendments to the Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013 current maturities of long-term borrowings (March 31, 2021: Rs. Nil) have been presented as part of the short term borrowings, which were previously included under âOther financial liabilitiesâ, lease liabilities (March 31, 2021: Rs.6.91) have been presented on the face of balance sheet, which were previously included under âother financial liabilitiesâ and Security deposits (March 31, 2021; Rs.10.59) have been presented as part of âother financial assetsâ, which were previously included under âloansâ in financial assets.
Several other amendments and interpretations apply for the first time in the year ended March 31, 2022, but do not have an impact on the standalone financial statements of the Company.
Associates are those entities over which the Company has significant influence.
Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but is not control. Significant influence is presumed to exist when the Company holds 20 percent or more of the voting power of the investee. If accounting policies of associates differ from those adopted by the Group, the accounting policies of associates are aligned with those of the Group. The results, assets and liabilities of associates are incorporated in these financial statements using the equity method of accounting.
An interest in an associate is accounted for using the equity method from the date the investee becomes an associate and are recognised initially at cost. The carrying value of investment in associates includes goodwill identified on date of acquisition, net of any accumulated impairment losses. The consolidated financial statements include the Companyâs share of profits or losses, other comprehensive income and equity movements of equity accounted investments, from the date that significant influence commences until the date that significant influence ceases. When the Companyâs share of losses exceeds its interest in an equity accounted investment, the carrying amount of that interest (including any long-term interests in the nature of net investments) is reduced to nil and the recognition of further losses is discontinued except to the extent that the Company has incurred constructive or legal obligations or has made payments on behalf of the investee. When the Company transacts with an associate of the Company, unrealised profits and losses are eliminated to the extent of the Companyâs interest in its associate or joint venture.
Dividends are recognised when the right to receive payment is established.
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Companyâs normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III to the Act. Based on the nature of products and services and the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their
realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of current and non-current classification of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.
The Companyâs standalone financial statements are prepared in INR, which is the also functional currency of the Company.
Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at the functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange at the reporting date. Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.
The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
in the principal market for the asset or liability, or
in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company. The fair
value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participantâs ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the standalone financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable
Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable.
For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.
This note summarizes accounting policy for fair value. Other fair value related disclosures are given in the relevant notes.
Disclosures for significant judgements, estimates and assumptions (note 3)
Quantitative disclosures of fair value measurement hierarchy (note 37)
Financial instruments (including those carried at amortized cost) (note 37)
For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.
Investments in subsidiaries are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses in the Companyâs balance sheet. On disposal of such investments, the difference between disposal proceeds and the carrying amounts of the investments are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Property, plant and equipment (PPE) and capital work in progress are stated at cost of acquisition or construction net of accumulated depreciation and impairment loss, if any. All significant costs relating to the acquisition and installation of PPE are capitalised. Subsequent costs/replacement costs are included in the assetâs carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognised. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to the Statement of profit and loss during the financial year in which they are incurred.
The Company identifies and determines cost of each component/ part of the asset separately, if the component/ part has a cost which is significant to the total cost of the asset and has useful life that is materially different from that of the remaining asset.
Depreciation on PPE is calculated on a straight line basis using the rates arrived at, based on the useful lives estimated by the management. The identified
components are depreciated separately over their useful lives; the remaining components are depreciated over the life of the principal asset.
The management has estimated, supported by independent assessment by professionals, the useful lives of certain classes of assets.
The following useful lives are adopted by the management:
Asset category |
Companyâs estimate of useful life (years) |
Useful life as prescribed under Schedule II (years) |
Factory buildings |
28 to 30 |
30 |
Other buildings |
58 |
60 |
Plant and equipment |
5 to 25 |
15 to 20 |
Roads |
5 to 30 |
5 to 10 |
Office equipment |
15 |
15 |
Furniture and fixtures |
15 |
10 |
Computers and data processing units |
4 to 6 |
3 to 6 |
Vehicles |
7 to 10 |
8 |
The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of PPE are reviewed on a regular basis and changes in estimates, when relevant, are accounted for on a prospective basis.
Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and the related expenditure is reflected in the Statement of profit and loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period.
Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.
Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.
Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditure incurred on an individual project is recognized as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate all the following:
The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale
Its intention to complete the asset
Its ability to use or sell the asset
How the asset will generate future economic benefits
The availability of adequate resources to complete the development and to use or sell the asset
The ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during development.
Following the initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the cost model is applied requiring the asset to be carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use. It is amortized on a straight line basis over the period of expected future benefit from the related project, i.e., the estimated useful life subject to a maximum of ten
years. Amortization is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset. During the period of development, the asset is tested for impairment annually.
A summary of amortization rates applied to the Companyâs intangible assets are as below:
1 Asset category |
Life (years) |
Technical know how |
3 to 6 |
Computer software |
3 to 5 |
Raw materials, components, stores and spares are valued at lower of cost and estimated net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.
Finished goods and work in progress are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.
Traded goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Write down of inventories are calculated based on an analysis of foreseeable changes in demand, technology, market conditions and ageing of inventories.
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at
an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue is recognized when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. The Company has concluded that it is the principal in all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks. The Company collects goods and services tax on behalf of the government and, therefore, it is not an economic benefit flowing to the Company. Hence, it is excluded from revenue.
The disclosures of significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions relating to revenue from contracts with customers are provided in Note 3.
The Company has following streams of revenue:
Revenue from Engineering, Procurement and Construction contracts
Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contracts are contracts (or a group of contracts secured together) specifically negotiated for the construction of an asset which refers to any project for construction of plants and systems, involving designing, engineering, fabrication, supply, erection (or supervision thereof), commissioning, guaranteeing performance thereof etc., execution of which is spread over different accounting periods. The Company identifies distinct performance obligations in each contract. For most of the project contracts, the customer contracts with the Company to provide a significant service of integrating a complex set of tasks and components
measured reliably and it is probable that the contract will be obtained.
Contract modification, when approved by both the parties to the contract, are considered as modification, if it creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Most of the contract modifications are not distinct from the existing contract due to the significant integration service provided under the contract prior to modifications and are therefore, accounted for as part of the existing contract. The effect of a contract modification is recognized as an adjustment to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis.
When it becomes probable that the total contract costs will exceed the total contract revenue, the Company recognizes the expected losses from onerous contract as an expense immediately.
Penalties for any delay or improper execution of a contract are recognized as a deduction from revenue. In the balance sheet, such provisions are presented on net basis of the contract receivables.
Revenue from sale of goods
If the criteria for revenue under over-a-period of time as mentioned above are not met, the Company recognizes revenue at a point-in-time. The point-intime is determined when the control of the goods or services is transferred which is determined based on when the significant risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the customer. Apart from this, the Company also considers its present right to payment, the legal title to the goods, the physical possession and the customer acceptance in determining the point in time where control has been transferred. The Company provides for warranty provision for general repairs up to 18 - 24 months on its products sold, in
into a single project or capability.
Hence, the entire contract is accounted for as one performance obligation.
The Company may promise to provide distinct goods or services within a contract, in which case the Company separates the contract into more than one performance obligation.
If a contract is separated into more than one performance obligation, the Company allocates the total transaction price to each performance obligation in an amount based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised goods or services underlying each performance obligation. The Company uses the expected cost plus a margin approach to estimate the standalone selling price of each performance obligation in case of contracts with more than one distinct performance obligations.
The Company assesses for the timing of revenue recognition in case of each distinct performance obligation. The Company first assesses whether the revenue can be recognized over a period of time if any of the following criteria is met:
(a) The customer simultaneously consumes the benefits as the Company performs, or
(b) The customer controls the work-in-progress, or
(c) The Companyâs performance does not create an asset with alternative use to the Company and the Company has right to payment for performance completed till date.
The Company recognizes revenue over time as it performs because of continuous transfer of control to the customer. For all project contracts,
this continuous transfer of control to the customer is supported by the fact that the customer typically controls the work in process as evidenced either by contractual termination clauses or by the rights of the Company to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable profit to deliver products or services that do not have an alternative use.
The Company uses cost-based measure of progress (or input method) for contracts because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which occurs as it incurs costs on contracts. Under the cost-based measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation.
Revenues, including estimated profits, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred.
The Company estimates variable consideration amount which it expects to be entitled under the contract and includes it in the transaction price to the extent it is highly probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur and when the uncertainty associated with it is subsequently resolved. The estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available.
Costs associated with bidding for contracts are charged to the Statement of profit and loss when they are incurred. Costs that relate directly to a contract and are incurred in securing the contract are included as part of the contract costs if they can be separately identified and
line with the industry practice. A liability is recognized at the time the product is sold. The Company does not provide any extended warranties.
Revenue in respect of operation and maintenance contract, awarded on a standalone basis or included in long term contracts and identified as a separate performance obligation, is recognized on a time proportion basis under the contracts.
Contract balances Contract assets: A contract asset is the right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to the customer. If the Company performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, a contract asset is recognised for the earned consideration and are transferred to Trade receivables on completion of milestones and its related invoicing.
Contract assets are recorded in balance sheet as unbilled revenue.
Trade receivables: A receivable represents the Companyâs right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due).
Also refer note 2.3(j) below.
Contract liabilities: A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Contract liabilities are recorded in balance sheet as unearned
(b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of EIR. The EIR amortization is included in finance costs/income in the Statement of profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
ii. Debt instrument at FVTPL
FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI is classified as FVTPL.
Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
iii. Equity investments
All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis.
The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.
If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI.
There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to the Statement of profit and loss, even on the sale of the investment. However, the
revenue and Customer advances as the case may be.
For all debt instruments measured at amortized cost, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. Interest income is included in finance income in the statement of profit and loss.
Revenue is recognized when the Companyâs right to receive the payment is established, which is when shareholders approve the dividend.
Rental income from operating leases (net of any incentives given to the lessee) is recognised on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through Profit and Loss, transactions costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. For all subsequent measurements, financial assets are classified in following categories by the Company:
A âdebt instrumentâ is measured at the amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:
(a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and
Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognized when:
The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a âpass-throughâ arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss and credit risk exposure on the financial assets that are debt instruments measured at amortized costs e.g. loans, deposits, trade receivables, contractual receivables and bank balances. The Company follows âsimplified approachâ for recognition of impairment allowance. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognizes impairment allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.
For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit
quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognizing impairment allowance based on 12-month. The Company considers current and anticipated future economic conditions relating to industries of the customer and the countries where it operates.
ECL impairment allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income/expense in the Statement of profit and loss under the head âother expensesâ. ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e. as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at FVTPL, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.
All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs. The Companyâs financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.
Subsequent measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification as fair value through profit and loss or at amortized cost.
All changes in fair value of financial liabilities classified as FVTPL is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Amortised cost category is applicable to loans and borrowings, trade and other payables. After initial recognition the financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses
are recognized in profit and loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or cost that are integral part on EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance cost in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires when an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
k. Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting Initial recognition and subsequent measurement
The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, to hedge its foreign currency risks. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.
Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to the Statement of profit and loss, except for the effective portion of cash flow hedges, which is recognized
in OCI and later reclassified to profit or loss when the hedge item affects profit or loss or treated as basis adjustment if a hedged forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability.
For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified as:
Fair value hedges when hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment.
Cash flow hedges when hedging the exposure to variability in cash flows that is either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction or the foreign currency risk in an unrecognized firm commitment.
At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Company formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which the Company wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes the Companyâs risk management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge, the hedging/ economic relationship, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the entity will assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrumentâs fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged itemâs fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an ongoing basis to determine that they actually have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated.
Hedges that meet the strict criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for, as described below:
(i) Fair value hedges
The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognized in the Statement of profit and loss as
finance costs. The Company has not undertaken Fair value hedges.
(ii) Cash flow hedges
The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized in OCI in the cash flow hedge reserve, while any ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the Statement of profit and loss. The Company uses forward currency contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast transactions and firm commitments. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Amounts recognized in OCI are transferred to the Statement of profit and loss when the hedged transaction affects profit or loss, such as when the hedged financial income or financial expense is recognized or when a forecast sale occurs. When the hedged item is the cost of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the amounts recognized in OCI are transferred to the initial carrying amount of the non-financial asset or liability. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover (as part of the hedging strategy), or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, or when the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI remains separately in equity until the forecast transaction occurs or the foreign currency firm commitment is met.
l. Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Companyâs cash management.
m. Government grants
Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and all attached conditions will be
complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in proportion to the depreciation charged over the expected useful life of the related asset. The Company accounts for export incentives for export of goods if the entitlements can be estimated with reasonable accuracy and conditions precedent to claim are fulfilled.
n. Share capital
Equity shares issued to shareholders are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new equity shares are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any related income tax effects.
o. Income tax Current tax
Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.
Current income tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized either in OCI or in equity. Current tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.
Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be
available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss (either in OCI or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
The Company determines whether to consider each uncertain tax treatment separately or together with one or more other uncertain tax treatments and uses the approach that better predicts the resolution of the uncertainty.
The Company applies significant judgement in identifying uncertainties over income tax treatments.
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing
costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.
The Company lease asset classes primarily consist of leases for land, office buildings, guest house and other office equipment, etc. The Company assesses whether a contract contains a lease, at inception of a contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether:
(1) the contract involves the use of an identified asset (2) the Company has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease and (3) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.
At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for leases with a term of twelve months or less (short-term leases) and low value leases.
For these short-term and low value leases, the Company recognizes the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
Certain lease arrangements include the options to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the lease term. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities includes these options when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised.
The right-of-use assets are initially recognized at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease plus any initial direct costs less any lease incentives. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.
Right-of-use assets are depreciated from the commencement date on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset. Right of use assets are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.
The lease liability is initially measured at present value of the future lease payments. The lease payments include fixed payments less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees.
Lease liability and ROU asset have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.
As a practical expedient, Ind AS 116 permits a lessee not to separate non-lease components, and instead account for any lease and associated non-lease components as a single arrangement. The Company has not used this practical expedient. For a contract that contains a lease component and one or more additional lease or non-lease components, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of the relative stand-alone price of the lease component and the aggregate stand-alone price of the non-lease components.
Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income from operating lease is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and
recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income.
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the assetâs recoverable amount. An assetâs recoverable amount is the higher of an assetâs or Cash Generating Unitâs (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
Impairment losses including impairment on inventory are recognized in the Statement of profit or loss.
For assets, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the assetâs or CGUâs recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the assetâs recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized.
The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case, the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will
be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the Statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement.
If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.
Provisions for warranty-related costs are recognized when the product is sold or service provided to the customer. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of warranty related costs is revised annually.
A provision for onerous contracts is recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at the present value of the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Company recognizes any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.
The Company records a provision for decommissioning costs of its manufacturing facilities. Decommissioning costs are provided at the present value of expected costs to settle the obligation using estimated cash flows and are recognized as part of the cost of the particular asset. The unwinding of the discount is expensed as incurred and recognized in the Statement of profit and loss as a finance cost. The estimated future costs of decommissioning are reviewed annually and adjusted as appropriate. Changes in the estimated future costs or in the discount rate applied are added to or deducted from the cost of the asset.
Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund is a defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as an expense when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.
The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan in India, which requires contributions to be made to a separately administered fund.
The cost of providing benefits under the defined benefit plan is determined using the projected unit credit method.
Remeasurements, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Remeasurements are not reclassified to the Statement of profit and loss in subsequent periods.
Past service costs are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss on the earlier of:
The date of the plan amendment or
curtailment, and
The date that the Company recognizes related
restructuring costs.
Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset.
The Company recognizes the following changes in the net defined benefit obligation as an expense in the Statement of profit and loss:
Service costs comprising current service costs, past-service costs, gains and losses on curtailments and non-routine settlements; and
Net interest expense or income
Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next 12 months, is treated as short-term employee benefit. The Company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date.
The Company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method at the year-end. The Company presents the leave as a current liability in the balance sheet as it does not have an unconditional right to defer its settlement for 12 months after
Mar 31, 2019
1.1. Basis of preparation and measurement
(a) Basis of preparation
These standalone financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS), notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as amended from time to time) and presentation requirements of Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013 (the Act), as applicable.
The preparation of the standalone financial statements requires the use of certain critical accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions. It also requires the management to exercise judgment in the process of applying the Companyâs accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of Judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the standalone financial statements are disclosed in note 3.
The employee welfare trusts (including an ESOP trust) being separate legal entities, are not considered for the purpose of consolidation in the standalone financial statements. However, these trusts have been consolidated In the consolidated financial statements under Ind AS 110.
(b) Basis of measurement
The standalone financial statements have been prepared on the accrual and going concern basis under historical cost convention except the following:
- Derivative financial instruments;
- Certain financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments); and
- Defined benefit plans whereby the plan assets are measured at fair value.
In addition, the carrying values of recognised assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in fair value hedges that would otherwise be carried at amortised cost are adjusted to record changes in the fair values attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships.
2.2. Changes in accounting policies and disclosures
The Company has adopted Ind AS 115 w.e.f. April 1,2018. The nature and effect of the changes as a result of adoption of this new accounting standard are described below.
Ind AS 115 was issued on March 28, 2018 and supersedes Ind AS 11 Construction Contracts and Ind AS 18 Revenue and it applies, with limited exceptions, to all revenue arising from contracts with its customers. Ind AS 115 establishes a five-step model to account for revenue arising from contracts with customers and requires that revenue be recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer.
Ind AS 115 requires entities to exercise judgement, taking into consideration all of the relevant facts and circumstances when applying each step of the model to contracts with their customers.
On transition to Ind AS 115, the Company has elected to adopt the new revenue standard as per modified retrospective approach. Under this approach, there were no material adjustments required to the retained earnings at April 1,2018. The comparative financial statements for year ended March 31,2018 are therefore not restated under this approach.
Several other amendments and interpretations apply for the first time in the year ended March 2019, but do not have an impact on the standalone financial statements of the Company. The Company has not early adopted any standards or amendments that have been issued but are not yet effective.
2.3. Summary of significant accounting policies
a. Current and non-current classification
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Companyâs normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III to the Act. Based on the nature of products and services and the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of current and non-current classification of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.
b. Foreign currencies
The Companyâs standalone financial statements are prepared in INR, which is the also functional currency of the Company.
Transactions and balances
Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at the functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange at the reporting date. Exchange differences arising on settlement ortranslatlon of monetary Items are recognized In the Statement of profit and loss.
Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.
c. Fair value measurement
The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
- in the principal market for the asset or liability, or
- in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company. The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participantâs ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value Is measured or disclosed in the standalone financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
- Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for Identical assets or liabilities
- Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable
- Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable
External valuers are involved for valuation of significant assets and significant liabilities. Involvement of external valuers is decided upon annually by the management. Selection criteria include market knowledge, reputation, independence and whether professional standards are maintained.
For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.
This note summarizes accounting policy for fair value. Other fair value related disclosures are given in the relevant notes.
- Disclosures for significant judgements, estimates and assumptions (note 3)
- Quantitative disclosures of fair value measurement hierarchy (note 36)
- Financial instruments (including those carried at amortized cost) (note 36)
For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.
d. Investments in subsidiaries and joint ventures
Investments in subsidiaries and Joint ventures are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses in the Companyâs balance sheet. On disposal of such investments, the difference between disposal proceeds and the carrying amounts of the investments are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
e. Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment (PPE) and capital work in progress are stated at cost of acquisition or construction net of accumulated depreciation and impairment loss, if any. All significant costs relating to the acquisition and Installation of PPE are capitalised. Subsequent costs/replacement costs are Included in the assetâs carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part Is derecognised. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to the Statement of profit and loss during the financial year in which they are Incurred.
The Company identifies and determines cost of each component/ part of the asset separately, if the component/ part has a cost which is significant to the total cost of the asset and has useful life that is materially different from that of the remaining asset.
Depreciation on PPE is calculated on a straight line basis using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated by the management. The identified components are depreciated separately over their useful lives; the remaining components are depreciated over the life of the principal asset.
Leasehold land Is amortized on a straight-line basis over the agreed period of lease ranging up to 99 years. The management has estimated, supported by independent assessment by professionals, the useful lives of certain classes of assets. The following useful lives are adopted by the management:
The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of PPE are reviewed on a regular basis and changes in estimates, when relevant, are accounted for on a prospective basis.
f. Intangible assets
Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and the related expenditure Is reflected In the Statement of profit and loss in the period in which the expenditure Is incurred.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.
Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.
Research and development costs
Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditure incurred on an individual project is recognized as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate all the following:
- The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale
- Its intention to complete the asset
- Its ability to use or sell the asset
- How the asset will generate future economic benefits
- The availability of adequate resources to complete the development and to use or sell the asset
- The ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the Intangible asset during development.
Following the initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the cost model is applied requiring the asset to be carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use. It is amortized on a straight line basis over the period of expected future benefit from the related project i.e., the estimated useful life subject to a maximum often years. Amortization is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset. During the period of development, the asset is tested for Impairment annually.
A summary of amortization rates applied to the Companyâs intangible assets are as below:
g. Inventories
Raw materials, components, stores and spares are valued at lower of cost and estimated net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.
Finished goods and work in progress are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity. Cost Is determined on a weighted average basis.
Traded goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs Incurred In bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Write down of inventories are calculated based on an analysis of foreseeable changes in demand, technology, market conditions and ageing of inventories.
h. Revenue recognition
I. Revenue from Contracts with customers
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue is recognized when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration Is probable. The Company has concluded that it Is the principal In all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks. The Company collects goods and services tax on behalf of the government and, therefore, it is not an economic benefit flowing to the Company. Hence, it is excluded from revenue.
The disclosures of significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions relating to revenue from contracts with customers are provided in Note 3.
The Company has following streams of revenue:
- Revenue from Engineering, Procurement and Construction contracts
Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contracts are contracts (or a group of contracts secured together) specifically negotiated for the construction of an asset which refers to any project for construction of plants and systems, involving designing, engineering, fabrication, supply, erection (or supervision thereof), commissioning, guaranteeing performance thereof etc., execution of which Is spread over different accounting periods. The Company identifies distinct performance obligations in each contract. For most of the project contracts, the customer contracts with the Company to provide a significant service of integrating a complex set of tasks and components into a single project or capability. Hence, the entire contract is accounted for as one performance obligation.
The Company may promise to provide distinct goods or services within a contract, in which case the Company separates the contract into more than one performance obligation. If a contract is separated into more than one performance obligation, the Company allocates the total transaction price to each performance obligation In an amount based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised goods or services underlying each performance obligation. The Company uses the expected cost plus a margin approach to estimate the standalone selling price of each performance obligation in case of contracts with more than one distinct performance obligations.
The Company assesses for the timing of revenue recognition in case of each distinct performance obligation. The Company first assesses whether the revenue can be recognized over a period of time if any of the following criteria is met:
(a) The customer simultaneously consumes the benefits as the Company performs, or
(b) The customer controls the work-in-progress, or
(c) The companyâs performance does not create an asset with alternative use to the Company and the Company has right to payment for performance completed till date
The Company recognizes revenue over time as it performs because of continuous transfer of control to the customer. For all project contracts, this continuous transfer of control to the customer is supported by the fact that the customer typically controls the work In process as evidenced either by contractual termination clauses or by the rights of the Company to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable profit to deliver products or services that do not have an alternative use.
The Company uses cost-based measure of progress (or input method) for contracts because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which occurs as it incurs costs on contracts. Under the cost-based measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues, including estimated profits, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred.
The Company estimates variable consideration amount which it expects to be entitled under the contract and includes It in the transaction price to the extent It is highly probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur and when the uncertainty associated with it Is subsequently resolved. The estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that Is reasonably available.
Costs associated with bidding for contracts are charged to the Statement of profit and loss when they are incurred. Costs that relate directly to a contract and are incurred in securing the contract are included as part of the contract costs if they can be separately Identified and measured reliably and It Is probable that the contract will be obtained.
Contract modification, when approved by both the parties to the contract, are considered as modification, if it creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Most of the contract modifications are not distinct from the existing contract due to the significant integration service provided under the contract prior to modifications and are therefore, accounted for as part of the existing contract. The effect of a contract modification is recognized as an adjustment to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis.
When it becomes probable that the total contract costs will exceed the total contract revenue, the Company recognizes the expected losses from onerous contract as an expense immediately.
Penalties for any delay or improper execution of a contract are recognized as a deduction from revenue. In the balance sheet, such provisions are presented on net basis of the contract receivables.
- Revenue from Sale of goods
If the criteria for revenue under over-a-period of time as mentioned above are not met, the Company recognizes revenue at a point-in-time. The point-in-time is determined when the control of the goods or services is transferred which is generally determined based on when the significant risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the customer. Apart from this, the Company also considers its present right to payment, the legal title to the goods, the physical possession and the customer acceptance in determining the point in time where control has been transferred. The Company provides for warranty provision for general repairs up to 18-24 months on its products sold, in line with the industry practice. A liability is recognized at the time the product is sold. The Company does not provide any extended warranties.
- Revenue from Sale of services
Revenue in respect of operation and maintenance contract, awarded on a standalone basis or included in long term contracts and identified as a separate performance obligation, is recognized on a time proportion basis under the contracts.
Contract balances
Contract assets: A contract asset is the right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to the customer. If the Company performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, a contract asset is recognised for the earned consideration and are transferred to trade receivables on completion of milestones and its related invoicing. Contract assets are recorded in balance sheet as unbilled revenue.
Trade receivables: A receivable represents the Companyâs right to an amount of consideration that Is unconditional (I.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Also refer note 2.3(i) below.
Contract liabilities: A contract liability Is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability Is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever Is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Contract liabilities are recorded in balance sheet as unearned revenue and Customer advances as the case may be.
ii. Interest Income
For all debt instruments measured at amortized cost, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. Interest Income Is included in finance income in the statement of profit and loss.
iii. Dividend
Revenue is recognized when the Companyâs right to receive the payment is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.
iv. Rental income
Rental income from operating leases (net of any incentives given to the lessee) is recognised on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
I. Financial Instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Financial assets
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through Profit and Loss, transactions costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. For all subsequent measurements financial assets are classified in following categories by the Company:
I. Debt Instruments at amortized cost
Aâ debt instrument* is measured at the amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:
(a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and
(b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective Interest rate (EIR) method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking Into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of EIR The EIR amortization is included in finance costs/income in the Statement of profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
//. Debt Instrument at FVTPL
FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI is classified as FVTPL.
Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
iii. Equity investments
All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity Instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.
If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to the Statement of profit and loss, even on the sale of the investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.
Derecognition
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognized when:
- The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
- The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a âpass-through* arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
Impairment of financial assets
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss and credit risk exposure on the financial assets that are debt instruments measured at amortized costs e.g. loans, deposits, trade receivables, contractual receivables and bank balances. The Company follows âsimplified approachâ for recognition of impairment allowance. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognizes impairment allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.
For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, If credit risk has Increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognizing impairment allowance based on 12-month ECL.
ECL impairment allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income/expense in the Statement of profit and loss underthe head âother expensesâ. ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e. as an integral part of the measurement of those assets In the balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at FVTPL, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate. All financial liabilities are recognized initially at lair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs. The Companyâs financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments. Subsequent measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification as fair value through profit and loss or at amortized cost.
All changes in fair value of financial liabilities classified as FVTPL is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Amortised cost category is applicable to loans and borrowings, trade and other payables. After initial recognition the financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in profit and loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or cost that are integral part on EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance cost in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires when an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Offsetting of financial Instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
j. Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting
Initial recognition and subsequent measurement
The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, to hedge its foreign currency risks. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.
Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to the Statement of profit and loss, except for the effective portion of cash flow hedges, which is recognized in OCI and later reclassified to profit or loss when the hedge item affects profit or loss or treated as basis adjustment if a hedged forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability.
For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified as:
- Fair value hedges when hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment
- Cash flow hedges when hedging the exposure to variability In cash flows that is either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction or the foreign currency risk in an unrecognized firm commitment
At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Company formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which the Company wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes the Companyâs risk management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge, the hedging/ economic relationship, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the entity will assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrumentâs fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged itemâs fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an ongoing basis to determine that they actually have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated.
Hedges that meet the strict criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for, as described below:
(I) Fair value hedges
The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognized in the Statement of profit and loss as finance costs. The Company has not undertaken Fair value hedges.
(ii) Cash flow hedges
The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized in OCI in the cash flow hedge reserve, while any ineffective portion Is recognized immediately In the Statement of profit and loss. The Company uses forward currency contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast transactions and firm commitments. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognized in finance costs.
Amounts recognized In OCI are transferred to the Statement of profit and loss when the hedged transaction affects profit or loss, such as when the hedged financial income or financial expense is recognized or when a forecast sale occurs. When the hedged item is the cost of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the amounts recognized in OCI are transferred to the initial carrying amount of the non-financial asset or liability. If the hedging Instrument expires or Is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover (as part of the hedging strategy), or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, or when the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI remains separately in equity until the forecast transaction occurs or the foreign currency firm commitment is met.
k. Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Companyâs cash management.
I. Government Grants
Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it Is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in proportion to the depreciation charged over the expected useful life of the related asset. The Company accounts for export incentives for export of goods if the entitlements can be estimated with reasonable accuracy and conditions precedent to claim are fulfilled.
m. Share capital
Equity shares Issued to shareholders are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the Issue of new equity shares are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any related income tax effects.
n. Income tax
Current tax
Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.
Current Income tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss Is recognized either in OCI or In equity. Current tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax Is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.
Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that It Is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it Is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss (either in OCI or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for Its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period In which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of Interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.
p. Leases
The determination of whether an arrangement is (or contains) a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement Is, or contains, a lease If fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.
Company as a lessee
A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease. A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the Company is classified as a finance lease.
Finance leases are capitalized at the commencement of the lease at the inception date fair value of the leased property or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized in finance costs in the Statement of profit and loss, unless they are directly attributable to qualifying assets, in which case they are capitalized in accordance with the Companyâs general policy on the borrowing costs.
A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.
Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the Statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Company as a lessor
Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income from operating lease is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income.
q. Impairment of non-financial assets
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any Indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset Is required, the Company estimates the assetâs recoverable amount. An assetâs recoverable amount is the higher of an asset*s or Cash Generating Unitâs (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset Is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
Impairment losses Including Impairment on Inventory are recognized In the Statement of profit or loss.
For assets, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there Is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the assetâs or CGUâs recoverable amount. A previously recognized Impairment loss Is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the assetâs recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no Impairment loss been recognized for the asset In prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case, the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.
r. Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
Non-current assets and disposal groups as held for sale if their carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale rather than through continuing use. The criteria for held for sale classification is regarded met only when the assets or disposal group Is available for Immediate sale in Its present condition, subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of such assets (or disposal groups), its sale is highly probable; and it will genuinely be sold, not abandoned. Management must be committed to the sale/ distribution expected within one year from the date of classification.
Non-current assets held for sale and disposal groups are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and the fair value less costs to sell. Assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are presented separately in the balance sheet.
A disposal group qualifies as discontinued operation if it is a component of an entity that either has been disposed of, or is classified as held for sale, and:
- Represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations,
- Is part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, or;
- Is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale
Discontinued operations are excluded from the results of continuing operations and are presented as a single amount as profit or loss after tax from discontinued operations in the Statement of profit and loss.
s. Provisions
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the Statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement.
If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.
Warranty provisions
Provisions for warranty-related costs are recognized when the product is sold or service provided to the customer. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of warranty related costs is revised annually.
Provision for onerous contracts
A provision for onerous contracts is recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at the present value of the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Company recognizes any Impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.
Decommissioning liability
The Company records a provision for decommissioning costs of its manufacturing facilities. Decommissioning costs are provided at the present value of expected costs to settle the obligation using estimated cash flows and are recognized as part of the cost of the particular asset. The unwinding of the discount is expensed as incurred and recognized in the Statement of profit and loss as a finance cost. The estimated future costs of decommissioning are reviewed annually and adjusted as appropriate. Changes in the estimated future costs or In the discount rate applied are added to or deducted from the cost of the asset.
t. Retirement and other employee benefits
Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund is a defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as an expense, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.
The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan in India, which requires contributions to be made to a separately administered fund. The cost of providing benefits under the defined benefit plan Is determined using the projected unit credit method.
Remeasurements, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts Included in net Interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Remeasurements are not reclassified to the Statement of profit and loss in subsequent periods.
Past service costs are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss on the earliercof:
- The date of the plan amendment or curtailment and
- The date that the Company recognizes related restructuring costs
Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The Company recognizes the following changes in the net defined benefit obligation as an expense in the Statement of profit and loss:
- Service costs comprising current service costs, past-service costs, gains and losses on curtailments and non-routine settlements; and
- Net interest expense or income
Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next 12 months, Is treated as short-term employee benefit. The Company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date.
The Company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method at the year-end. The Company presents the leave as a current liability in the balance sheet as it does not have an unconditional right to defer its settlement for 12 months after the reporting date.
u. Segment Reporting
Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker.
The Board of Directors of the Company has identified the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer as the chief operating decision maker of the Company.
v. Contingent liability
A disclosure for a contingent liability is made where there is a possible obligation that arises from past events and the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from the past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.
w. Earnings Per Share (EPS)
The Company presents the basic and diluted EPS data for Its equity shares. Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net profit for the year attributable to the equity shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. Diluted EPS is computed by adjusting the net profit for the year attributable to the equity shareholders and the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic EPS for the effects of all the equity shares that could have been issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares (which includes the various stock options granted to employees).
x. Dividends
Dividend to equity shareholders is recognized as a liability in the period in which the dividends are approved by the equity shareholders. Interim dividends that are declared by the Board of Directors without the need for equity shareholdersâ approvals are recognized as a liability and deducted from shareholdersâ equity in the year in which the dividends are declared by the Board of directors.
3. Significant accounting Judgments, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of the Companyâs standalone financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities, and the accompanying disclosures and the disclosure of contingent liabilities as at the reporting date. However, uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities affected in future periods.
3.1 Judgments
In the process of applying the Companyâs accounting policies, management has made the following judgments, which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the standalone financial statements:
I. Revenue from contracts with customers
A significant portion of the Companyâs business relates to EPC contracts which is accounted using cost-based input method, recognizing revenue as the performance on the contract progresses. This requires management to make judgement with respect to identifying contracts for which revenue need to be recognised over a period of time, depending upon when the customer consumes the benefit, when the control is passed to customer, whether the asset created has an alternative use and whether the Company has right to payment for performance completed till date, either contractually or legally. The input method requires management to make significant judgements of the extent of progress towards completion including accounting of multiple contracts which need to be combined and considered as a single contract.
ii. Contingencies relating to tax and legal matters
The Company has received various orders and notices from tax authorities in respect of direct taxes and Indirect taxes. The outcome of these matters may have a material effect on the financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Management regularly analyzes current information about these matters and provides provisions for probable losses including the estimate of legal expense to resolve such matters. In making the decision regarding the need for loss provisions, management considers the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a sufficiently reliable estimate of the amount of loss. The filing of a suit or formal assertion of a claim against the company or the disclosure of any such suit or assertions, does not automatically indicate that a provision of a loss may be appropriate.
Ili. Segment reporting
Ind AS 108 âOperating Segmentsâ requires Management to determine the reportable segments for the purpose of disclosure in standalone financial statements based on the internal reporting reviewed by Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) to assess performance and allocate resources. The standard also requires Management to make judgments with respect to aggregation of certain operating segments into one or more reportable segment.
Operating segments used to present segment information are identified based on the internal reports used and reviewed by the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer to assess performance and allocate resources. The management has determined that some of the segments exhibit similar economic characteristics and meet other aggregation criteria and accordingly aggregated into three reportable segments i.e. energy, environment and chemical,
iv. Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
As part of organisational restructuring, the Board of Directors of the Company at its meeting held on February 8,2019, have approved the transfer of its Boiler & Heater (B&H) business to Thermax Babcock & Wilcox Energy Solutions Private Limited (TBWES) on a going concern basis through slump sale. This was also approved by the Shareholders on March 27, 2019. Therefore, the operations of B&H business are classified as a disposal group held for sale to TBWES. The management considered the business to meet the criteria to be classified as held for distribution under Ind AS 105.
For more details on discontinued operations, refer note 29
3.2 Estimates and assumptions
The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the reporting date, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are described below. The Company based Its assumptions and estimates on parameters available when the standalone financial statements were prepared. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market changes or circumstances arising that are beyond the control of the Company. Such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur.
i. EPC contracts:
- Provisions for liquidated damages claims (LDs): The Company provides for LD claims to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. This requires an estimate of the amount of LDs payable under a claim which involves a number of management judgments and assumptions regarding the amounts to be recognized.
- Project cost to complete estimates: At each reporting date, the Company is required to estimate costs to complete on fixed-price contracts. Estimating costs to complete on such contracts requires the Company to make estimates of future costs to be incurred, based on work to be performed beyond the reporting date. This estimate will impact revenues, cost of sales, work-in-progress, billings in excess of costs, estimated earnings and accrued contract expenses.
- Recognition of contract variations: The Company recognises revenues and margins from contract variations where it is considered probable that they will be awarded by the customer and this requires management to assess the likelihood of such an award being made by reference to customer communications and other forms of documentary evidence.
- Provision for onerous contracts: The Company provides for future losses on EPC contracts where it is considered highly probable that the contract costs are likely to exceed revenues in future years. Estimating these future losses involves a number of assumptions about the achievement of contract performance targets and the likely levels of future cost escalation over time. Refer note 18(b) for details for provision for onerous contracts.
ii. Impairment of non-financial assets
Impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or cash generating unit (CGU) exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The fair value less costs of disposal calculation is based on available data from binding sales transactions, conducted at armâs length, for similar assets or observable market prices less incremental costs for disposing of the asset. The value in use calculation is based on a Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model. The cash flows are derived from the budget for the next five years as approved by the Management and do not include restructuring activities that the Company is not yet committed to or significant future investments that will enhance the assetâs performance of the CGU being tested. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model as well as the expected future cash- inflows and the terminal growth rate used.
iii. Defined benefit plans-gratuity
The cost of the defined benefit gratuity plan and the present value of the gratuity obligation are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities Involved in the valuation and Its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date. The parameter which is most subjected to change is the discount rate. In determining the appropriate discount rate for plans operated in India, the management considers the interest rates of government bonds in currencies consistent with the currencies of the post-employment benefit obligation. The mortality rate is based on Indian Assured Lives Mortality (2012-14) Ultimate. Those mortality tables tend to change only at interval in response to demographic changes. Future salary increases and gratuity increases are based on expected future inflation rates. Further details about gratuity obligations are given in note 34.
iv. Fair value measurement of unquoted financial instruments
When the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques including the DCF model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this Is not feasible, a degree of assumption is required in establishing fair values. Assumptions include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments. Refer note 36 for further disclosures.
v. Warranty provision
The Company generally offers warranty for its various products. Warranty costs are provided based on a technical estimate of the costs required to be Incurred for repairs, replacements, material costs, servicing cost and past experience in respect of warranty costs. Management estimates the related provision for future warranty claims based on historical warranty claim information, as well as recent trends that might suggest that past cost information may differ from future claims. The assumptions made in current period are consistent with those in the prior year. Factors that could impact the estimated claim information include the success of the Companyâs productivity and quality initiatives. Warranty provisions are discounted using a pre-tax discount rate which reflects current market assessments of time value of money and risks specific to the liability. Refer note 18 for further details.
vi. Impairment of financial assets
The impairment provisions for financial assets
Mar 31, 2018
a. Current and non-current classification
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Companyâs normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013(âActâ). Based on the nature of products and services and the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of current and non-current classification of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities.
b. Foreign currencies
The Companyâs separate financial statements are prepared in INR, which is the also functional currency of the Company.
Transactions and balances
Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at the functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange at the reporting date. Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.
c. Fair value measurement
The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
- in the principal market for the asset or liability, or
- in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company. The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participantâs ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the separate financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
- Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
- Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable
- Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable
External valuers are involved for valuation of significant assets and significant liabilities. Involvement of external valuers is decided upon annually by the management. Selection criteria include market knowledge, reputation, independence and whether professional standards are maintained.
For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.
This note summarizes accounting policy for fair value. Other fair value related disclosures are given in the relevant notes.
- Disclosures for valuation methods, significant estimates and assumptions (note 3)
- Quantitative disclosures of fair value measurement hierarchy (note 36)
- Financial instruments (including those carried at amortized cost) (note 36)
For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.
d. Investments in subsidiaries and joint ventures
Investments in subsidiaries and joint ventures are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses in the Companyâs balance sheet. On disposal of such investments, the difference between disposal proceeds and the carrying amounts of the investments are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
e. Property, Plant and Equipment
Property plant and equipment (PPE) and capital work in progress are stated at cost of acquisition or construction net of accumulated depreciation and impairment loss. All significant costs relating to the acquisition and installation of property plantand equipment are capitalised. Subsequent costs/replacement costs are included in the assetâs carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced partis derecognised. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss during the financial period in which they are incurred.
The Company identifies and determines cost of each component/ part of the asset separately, if the component/ part has a cost which is significant to the total cost of the asset and has useful life that is materially different from that of the remaining asset.
Depreciation on PPE is calculated on a straight line basis using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated by the management. The identified components are depreciated separately over their useful lives; the remaining components are depreciated over the life of the principal asset.
Leasehold land is amortized on a straight-line basis over the agreed period of lease ranging up to 99 years.
The management has estimated, supported by independent assessment by professionals, the useful lives of certain classes of assets. The following useful lives are adopted by the management:
The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of PPE are reviewed on a regular basis and changes in estimates, when relevant, are accounted for on a prospective basis.
f. Intangible assets
Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and the related expenditure is reflected in the Statement of profit and loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortisation period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level. The assessment of indefinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the indefinite life continues to be supportable. If not, the change in useful life from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.
Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.
Research and development costs
Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditure incurred on an individual project is recognized as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate all the following:
- The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale
- Its intention to complete the asset
- Its ability to use or sell the asset
- How the asset will generate future economic benefits
- The availability of adequate resources to complete the development and to use orsell the asset
- The ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during development.
Following the initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the cost model is applied requiring the asset to be carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use. It is amortized on a straight line basis over the period of expected future benefit from the related project, i.e., the estimated useful life subject to a maximum often years. Amortisation is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset. During the period of development, the asset is tested for impairment annually.
A summary of amortisation rates applied to the Companyâs intangible assets are as below:
g. Inventories
Raw materials, components, stores and spares are valued at lower of cost and estimated net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.
Finished goods and work in progress are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.
Traded goods are valued at lower of costand net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Write down of inventories are calculated based on an analysis of foreseeable changes in demand, technology, market conditions and ageing of inventories.
h. Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured, regardless of when the payment is being received. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, taking into account contractually defined terms of payment and excluding taxes or duties collected on behalf of the government. The Company has concluded that it is the principal in all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks.
The specific recognition criteria described below must also be met before revenue is recognized.
Sale of goods
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognized when the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods have passed to the buyer, usually on delivery of the goods. Revenue from the sale of goods is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns and allowances, trade discounts and volume rebates. The Company provides for warranty provision for general repairs up to 18 months on its products sold, in line with the industry practice. A liability is recognized at the time the product is sold. The Company does not provide any extended warranties.
Revenue from supply of spare parts are recognized when significant risks and rewards have passed to the buyer which is generally on delivery of these spare parts.
Sale of services
Revenue in respect of operation and maintenance contracts is recognized on straight-line basis as the related services are performed over a specified period of time. The Company collects taxes on behalf of the government and, therefore, it is not an economic benefit flowing to the Company. Hence, it is excluded from revenue.
Contract revenue
A construction contract is defined as a contract specifically negotiated for the construction of an asset which refers to any project for construction of plants and systems, involving designing, engineering, fabrication, supply, erection (or supervision thereof), commissioning, guaranteeing performance thereof etc., execution of which is spread over different accounting periods. Revenue for such contracts is recognized on the basis of percentage of completion method if the outcome of the contract can be estimated reliably and it is probable that the contract will be profitable. The revenue for the period is the excess of revenues measured according to the percentage of completion over the revenue recognized in prior periods. When a group of contracts are secured together, the Company follows a policy to determine the stage of completion for such combined contracts together. The revenues and profits earned are recognized uniformly over the performance of such contracts.
When the outcome of a construction contract cannot be estimated reliably, contract revenue is recognised only to the extent of contract costs incurred that are likely to be recoverable. When it is probable that the total contract costs will exceed the total contract revenue, the expected loss is recognized as an expense immediately irrespective of the stage of the completion of the contract. Determination of revenues under this method necessarily involves making complex assumptions and estimates by the management (some of which are of a technical nature) of the costs of completion, the expected revenues from each contract (adjusted for probable liquidated damages, if any), contract risks including political and regulatory risks, foreseeable losses to complete the contract and other judgments. Any changes in estimates may lead to an increase or decrease in revenue.
Stage of completion of each contract is determined by the proportion that aggregate contract costs incurred for work done till the balance sheet date bear to the estimated total contract cost.
Costs associated with bidding for contracts are charged to the Statement of profit and loss when they are incurred. Costs that relate directly to a contract and are incurred in securing the contract are also included as part of the contract costs if they can be separately identified and measured reliably and it is probable that the contract will be obtained.
On the balance sheet date, the Company reports the net contract position for each contract as either an asset or a liability. A contract represents an asset where costs incurred plus recognized profits (less recognized losses) exceed progress billings; a contract represents a liability where the opposite is the case. Penalties for any delay or improper execution of a contract are recognised as a deduction from revenue. In the balance sheet, such provisions are presented on net basis of the contract receivables.
Variations in contract work, claims and incentive payments are included in contract revenue to the extent that may have been agreed with the customer and are capable of being reliably measured. Claims are included when negotiations with the customer have reached an advanced stage such that it is probable that the customer will accept the claim. The Company applies requirements regarding contract variations to contract terminations, since contract terminations are also changes to agreed delivery and service scope.
Interest income
For all debt instruments measured at amortized cost, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. Interest income is included in finance income in the statement of profit and loss.
Dividend
Revenue is recognized when the Companyâs right to receive the payment is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.
Rental income
Rental income from operating leases (net of any incentives given to the lessee) is recognised on a straight-line basis over the lease term,
i. Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Financial assets
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through Profit and Loss, transactions costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. For all subsequent measurements financial assets are classified in following categories:
i. Debt instruments at amortized cost
Aâdebt instrumentâ is measured at the amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:
(a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and
(b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of EIR. The EIR amortization is included in finance costs/income in the Statement of profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
ii. Debt instrument at FVTOCI
Aâdebt instrumentâ is classified as at the FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:
(a) The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets, and
(b) The assetâs contractual cash flows represent SPPI
Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in the other comprehensive income (OCI). However, the Company recognizes interest income, impairment losses and reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the Statement of profit and loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI is reclassified from the equity to the Statement of profit and loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income under EIR method.
iii. Debt instrument at FVTPL
FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI is classified as FVTPL.
Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
iv. Equity investments
All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.
If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to the Statement of profit and loss, even on the sale of the investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.
Derecognition
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognized when:
- The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
- The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a "pass-through" arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
Impairment of financial assets
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss and credit risk exposure on the financial assets that are debt instruments measured at amortized costs e.g. loans, deposits, trade receivables, contractual receivables and bank balances. The Company follows âsimplified approachâ for recognition of impairment allowance. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognizes impairment allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.
For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECLis used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognizing impairment allowance based on 12-month ECL.
ECL impairment allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income/expense in the Statement of profit and loss. This amount is reflected under the head âother expensesâ in the Statement of profit and loss. ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e. as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at FVTPL, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate. All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs. The Companyâs financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.
Subsequent measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification as fair value through profit and loss or at amortized cost.
All changes in fair value of financial liabilities classified as FVTPL is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Amortised cost category is applicable to loans and borrowings, trade and other payables. After initial recognition the financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in profit and loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or cost that are integral part on EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance cost in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires when an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
j. Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting Initial recognition and subsequent measurement
The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, to hedge its foreign currency risks. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.
Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to the Statement of profit and loss, except for the effective portion of cash flow hedges, which is recognized in OCI and later reclassified to profit or loss when the hedge item affects profit or loss or treated as basis adjustment if a hedged forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability.
For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified as:
- Fair value hedges when hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment
- Cash flow hedges when hedging the exposure to variability in cash flows that is either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction or the foreign currency risk in an unrecognized firm commitment
At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Company formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which the Company wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes the Companyâs risk management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge, the hedging/ economic relationship, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the entity will assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrumentâs fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged itemâs fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an ongoing basis to determine that they actually have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated.
Hedges that meet the strict criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for, as described below:
(i) Fair value hedges
The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognized in the Statement of profit and loss as finance costs. The Company has not undertaken Fair value hedges.
(ii) Cash flow hedges
The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized in OCI in the cash flow hedge reserve, while any ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the Statement of profit and loss. The Company uses forward currency contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast transactions and firm commitments. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognized in finance costs.
Amounts recognized in OCI are transferred to the Statement of profit and loss when the hedged transaction affects profit or loss, such as when the hedged financial income or financial expense is recognized or when a forecast sale occurs. When the hedged item is the cost of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the amounts recognized in OCI are transferred to the initial carrying amount of the non-financial asset or liability. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover (as part of the hedging strategy), or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, or when the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI remains separately in equity until the forecast transaction occurs or the foreign currency firm commitment is met.
k. Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Companyâs cash management.
I. Government Grants
Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in proportion to the depreciation charged over the expected useful life of the related asset. The Company accounts for export incentives for export of goods if the entitlements can be estimated with reasonable accuracy and conditions precedent to claim are fulfilled.
m. Share capital
Equity shares issued to shareholders are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new equity shares are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any related income tax effects.
n. Income tax Current income-tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.
Current income tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized either in OCI or in equity. Current tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.
Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss (either in OCI or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
o. Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.
p. Leases
The determination of whether an arrangement is (or contains) a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.
Company as a lessee
A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease. A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the Company is classified as a finance lease.
Finance leases are capitalized at the commencement of the lease at the inception date fair value of the leased property or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized in finance costs in the Statement of profit and loss, unless they are directly attributable to qualifying assets, in which case they are capitalized in accordance with the Companyâs general policy on the borrowing costs.
A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.
Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the Statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Company as a lessor
Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income from operating lease is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income.
q. Impairment of non-financial assets
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the assetâs recoverable amount. An assetâs recoverable amount is the higher of an assetâs or Cash Generating Unitâs (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
Impairment losses including impairment on inventory are recognized in the statement of profit or loss.
For assets excluding goodwill, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the assetâs or CGUâs recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the assetâs recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case, the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.
r. Provisions
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the Statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement.
If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.
Warranty provisions
Provisions for warranty-related costs are recognized when the product is sold or service provided to the customer. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of warranty related costs is revised annually.
Provision for onerous contracts
A provision for onerous contracts is recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at the present value of the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Company recognizes any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.
Decommissioning liability
The Company records a provision for decommissioning costs of its manufacturing facilities. Decommissioning costs are provided at the present value of expected costs to settle the obligation using estimated cash flows and are recognized as part of the cost of the particular asset. The unwinding of the discount is expensed as incurred and recognized in the Statement of profit and loss as a finance cost. The estimated future costs of decommissioning are reviewed annually and adjusted as appropriate. Changes in the estimated future costs or in the discount rate applied are added to or deducted from the cost of the asset.
s. Retirement and other employee benefits
Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund is a defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as an expense, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.
The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan in India, which requires contributions to be made to a separately administered fund. The cost of providing benefits under the defined benefit plan is determined using the projected unit credit method.
Remeasurements, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Remeasurements are not reclassified to the Statement of profit and loss in subsequent periods.
Past service costs are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss on the earlier of:
- The date of the plan amendment or curtailment, and
- The date that the Company recognizes related restructuring costs
Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The Company recognizes the following changes in the net defined benefit obligation as an expense in the Statement of profit and loss:
- Service costs comprising current service costs, past-service costs, gains and losses on curtailments and non-routine settlements; and
- Net interest expense or income
Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next 12 months, is treated as short-term employee benefit. The Company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date.
The Company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method at the year-end. The Company presents the leave as a current liability in the balance sheet as it does not have an unconditional right to defer its settlement for 12 months after the reporting date.
t. Segment Reporting
Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker.
The Board of Directors of the Company has identified the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer as the chief executive decision maker of the Company.
u. Contingent liability
A disclosure for a contingent liability is made where there is a possible obligation that arises from past events and the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from the past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.
v. Earnings Per Share (EPS)
The Company presents the basic and diluted EPS data for its equity shares. Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net profit for the year attributable to the equity shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. Diluted EPS is computed by adjusting the net profit for the year attributable to the equity shareholders and the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic EPS for the effects of all the equity shares that could have been issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares (which includes the various stock options granted to employees).
w. Dividends
Dividend to equity shareholders is recognized as a liability in the period in which the dividends are approved by the equity shareholders. Interim dividends that are declared by the Board of Directors without the need for equity shareholdersâ approvals are recognized as a liability and deducted from shareholdersâ equity in the year in which the dividends are declared by the Board of directors.
Mar 31, 2017
1. Corporate information
Thermax Limited (âthe Companyâ) offers solutions to energy, environment and chemical sectors. The Companyâs portfolio includes boilers and heaters, absorption chillers/heat pumps, power plants, solar equipment, air pollution control equipment/system, water and waste recycle plant, ion exchange resins and performance chemicals and related services.
The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India. It is listed on the BSE Limited (BSE) and National Stock Exchange Limited (NSE) in India. The address of its registered office is D-13, MIDC Industrial Area, R.D. Aga Road, Chinchwad, Pune-411019, India. The Board of Directors have authorized to issue by these separate financial statements on May 30,2017. The CIN of the Company is L29299PN1980PLC022787.
2. Significant accounting policies
2.1. Basis of preparation, measurement and transition to Ind AS
(a) Basis of preparation and transition to Ind AS
These separate financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS), notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as Amended from time to time).
For all the periods up to and including the year ended March 31, 2016, the Company prepared its separate financial statements in accordance with Accounting Standards notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act 2013, read with Rule 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014 (âIndian GAAPâ). These separate financial statements, being the first set of Ind AS financial statements issued by the Company, are covered by Ind AS 101, âFirst Time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standardsâ. The transition to Ind AS has been carried out from the accounting principles generally accepted in India, which is now referred to/considered as the âPrevious GAAPâ, for purposes of Ind AS 101. Reconciliations and explanations of the effect of the transition from Previous GAAP to Ind AS on the Companyâs Equity and Statement of profit and loss are provided in note 42.
The adoption of Ind AS is carried out in accordance with Ind AS 101, with April 1,2015, being the transition date. Ind AS 101 requires that all Ind AS standards and interpretations that are issued and effective for the first Ind AS separate financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2017, be applied retrospectively and consistently for all comparative years presented therein. However, in preparing these separate financial statements, the Company has availed of certain exemptions and exceptions in accordance with Ind AS 101, as explained in the note 42. The resulting difference between the carrying values of the assets and liabilities in the separate financial statements as at the transition date under Ind AS and previous GAAP have been recognized directly in equity.
The preparation of the separate financial statements requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates and judgments. It also requires the management to exercise judgment in the process of applying the Companyâs accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the separate financial statements are disclosed in note 3.
The employee welfare trusts (including ESOP trust) being separate legal entities, are not considered for the purpose of consolidation in the separate financial statements. However, these trusts have been consolidated in the Consolidated financial statements under Ind AS 110.
(b) Basis of measurement
The separate financial statements have been prepared on the accrual and going concern basis under historical cost convention except the following:
- Derivative financial instruments;
- Certain financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments); and
- Defined benefit plans whereby the plan assets are measured at fair value.
In addition, the carrying values of recognized assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in fair value hedges that would otherwise be carried at amortized cost are adjusted to record changes in the fair values attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships.
2.2 Summary of significant accounting policies
a. Current and non-current classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:
- Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle
- Held primarily for the purpose of trading
- Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or
- Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is current when:
- It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle
- It is held primarily for the purpose of trading
- It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or
- There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period
The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities respectively.
The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its normal operating cycle.
b. Foreign currencies
The Companyâs separate financial statements are prepared in I NR, which is the also functional currency of the Company.
Transactions and balances
Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at the functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange at the reporting date. Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.
c. Fair value measurement
The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
- in the principal market for the asset or liability, or
- in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company. The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participantâs ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the separate financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
- Level 1 âQuoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
- Level 2 â Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable
- Level 3 â Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable
External valuers are involved for valuation of significant assets, such as properties and unquoted financial assets, and significant liabilities, such as contingent consideration. Involvement of external valuers is decided upon annually by the management. Selection criteria include market knowledge, reputation, independence and whether professional standards are maintained.
For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.
This note summarizes accounting policy for fair value. Other fair value related disclosures are given in the relevant notes.
- Disclosures for valuation methods, significant estimates and assumptions (note 3)
- Quantitative disclosures of fair value measurement hierarchy (note 37)
- Financial instruments (including those carried at amortized cost) (note 37)
d. Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses in the Companyâs balance sheet. On disposal of such investments, the difference between disposal proceeds and the carrying amounts of the investments are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
e. Property, Plant and Equipment
The cost of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment (âPPEâ) is recognized as an asset if, and only if, it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost can be measured reliably.
PPE are initially recognized at cost. The initial cost of PPE comprises its purchase price (including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes but excluding any trade discount and rebates), and any directly attributable costs of bringing the asset to its working condition and location for its intended use.
Subsequent to initial recognition, PPE are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Subsequent expenditure relating to PPE is capitalized only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with these will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. When an item of PPE is replaced, then its carrying amount is derecognized and cost of the new item of PPE is recognized. Further, in case the replaced part was not depreciated separately, the cost of the replacement is used as an indication to determine the cost of the replaced part at the time it was acquired. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognized in Statement of profit and loss as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met.
An item of PPE and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gains of losses arising from de-recognition of PPE are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss when the PPE is derecognized.
The Company identifies and determines cost of each component/part of the asset separately, if the component/part has a cost which is significant to the total cost of the asset and has useful life that is materially different from that of the remaining asset.
Depreciation on PPE is calculated on a straight line basis using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated by the management. The identified components are depreciated separately over their useful lives; the remaining components are depreciated over the life of the principal asset.
Leasehold land is amortized on a straight-line basis over the agreed period of lease ranging up to 99 years.
The management has estimated, supported by independent assessment by professionals, the useful lives of certain classes of assets. The following useful lives are adopted by the management:
The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of PPE are reviewed on a regular basis and changes in estimates, when relevant, are accounted for on a prospective basis.
f. Intangible assets
Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and the related expenditure is reflected in the Statement of profit and loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred.
The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either finite or indefinite.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level. The assessment of indefinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the indefinite life continues to be supportable. If not, the change in useful life from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.
Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.
Research and development costs
Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditure incurred on an individual project is recognized as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate all the following:
- The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale
- Its intention to complete the asset
- Its ability to use or sell the asset
- How the asset will generate future economic benefits
- The availability of adequate resources to complete the development and to use or sell the asset
- The ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during development.
Following the initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the cost model is applied requiring the asset to be carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use. It is amortized on a straight line basis over the period of expected future benefit from the related project, i.e., the estimated useful life subject to a maximum of ten years. Amortization is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset. During the period of development, the asset is tested for impairment annually.
g. Inventories
Raw materials, components, stores and spares are valued at lower of cost and estimated net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. However, materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished goods in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. Cost of raw materials, components, consumables, tools, stores and spares is arrived at on the basis of weighted average cost.
Finished goods and work in progress are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on normal operating capacity. Cost of finished goods includes excise duty. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.
Traded goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Write down of inventories are calculated based on an analysis of foreseeable changes in demand, technology, market conditions and ageing of inventories.
h. Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured, regardless of when the payment is being received. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, taking into account contractually defined terms of payment and excluding taxes or duties collected on behalf of the government. The Company has concluded that it is the principal in all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks.
Revenue is inclusive of excise duty. This is included for the reason that it is a liability of the manufacturer which forms part of the cost of production, irrespective of whether the goods are sold or not. As the recovery of excise duty flows to the Company on its own account, the revenue includes excise duty. However, sales tax/ value added tax (VAT) is not received by the Company on its own account. Rather, it is tax collected on value added to the commodity by the seller on behalf of the government. Accordingly, it is excluded from revenue.
The specific recognition criteria described below must also be met before revenue is recognized.
Sale of goods
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognized when the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods have passed to the buyer, usually on delivery of the goods. Revenue from the sale of goods is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns and allowances, trade discounts and volume rebates. The Company provides for warranty provisions for general repairs up to 18 months on its products sold, in line with the industry practice. A liability is recognized at the time the product is sold. The Company does not provide any extended warranties.
Revenue from supply of spare parts are recognized when significant risks and rewards have passed to the buyer which is generally on delivery of these spare parts.
Sale of services
Revenue in respect of operation and maintenance contracts is recognized on straight line basis as the related services are performed over a specified period of time. The Company collects service tax on behalf of the government and, therefore, it is not an economic benefit flowing to the Company. Hence, it is excluded from revenue.
Contract revenue
A construction contract is defined as a contract specifically negotiated for the construction of an asset which refers to any project for construction of plants and systems, involving designing, engineering, fabrication, supply, erection (or supervision thereof), commissioning, guaranteeing performance thereof etc., execution of which is spread over different accounting periods. Revenue for such contracts is recognized on the basis of percentage of completion method if the outcome of the contract can be estimated reliably and it is probable that the contract will be profitable. The revenue for the period is the excess of revenues measured according to the percentage of completion over the revenue recognized in prior periods. When a group of contracts are secured together, the Company follows a policy to determine the stage of completion for such combined contracts together. The revenues and profits earned are recognized uniformly over the performance of such contracts.
When the outcome of a construction contract cannot be estimated reliably, contract revenue is recognized only to the extent of contract costs incurred that are likely to be recoverable. When it is probable that the total contract costs will exceed the total contract revenue, the expected loss is recognized as an expense immediately irrespective of the stage of the completion of the contract. Determination of revenues under this method necessarily involves making complex assumptions and estimates by the management (some of which are of a technical nature) of the costs of completion, the expected revenues from each contract (adjusted for probable liquidated damages, if any), contract risks including political and regulatory risks, foreseeable losses to complete the contract and other judgments. Any changes in estimates may lead to an increase or decrease in revenue.
Stage of completion of each contract is determined by the proportion that aggregate contract costs incurred for work done till the balance sheet date bear to the estimated total contract cost.
Costs associated with bidding for contracts are charged to the Statement of profit and loss when they are incurred. Costs that relate directly to a contract and are incurred in securing the contract are also included as part of the contract costs if they can be separately identified and measured reliably and it is probable that the contract will be obtained.
On the balance sheet date, the Company reports the net contract position for each contract as either an asset or a liability. A contract represents an asset where costs incurred plus recognized profits (less recognized losses) exceed progress billings; a contract represents a liability where the opposite is the case.
Penalties for any delay or improper execution of a contract are recognized as a deduction from revenue. In the balance sheet, such provisions are presented on net basis of the contract receivables.
Variations in contract work, claims and incentive payments are included in contract revenue to the extent that may have been agreed with the customer and are capable of being reliably measured. Claims are included when negotiations with the customer have reached an advanced stage such that it is probable that the customer will accept the claim. The Company applies requirements regarding contract variations to contract terminations, since contract terminations are also changes to agreed delivery and service scope.
Interest income
For all debt instruments measured at amortized cost, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. Interest income is included in finance income in the statement of profit and loss.
Dividend
Revenue is recognized when the Companyâs right to receive the payment is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.
Rental Income
Rental income from operating leases (net of any incentives given to the lessee) is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Plant and equipment received from customers
Contributions by customers of items of PPE received on or after April 1,2015, which require an obligation to supply goods to the customer in the future, are recognized at the fair value when the Company has control of the item. A corresponding credit to deferred revenue is made.
i. Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Financial assets
Initial Recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through Profit and Loss, transactions costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place (regular way trades) are recognized on the trade date, i.e., the date that the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset.
Subsequent measurement
For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:
- Debt instruments at amortized cost
- Debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
- Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
- Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
Debt instruments at amortized cost
A âdebt instrumentâ is measured at the amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:
(a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and
(b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of EIR. The EIR amortization is included in finance costs/income in the Statement of profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Debt instrument at FVTOCI
A âdebt instrumentâ is classified as at the FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:
a) The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets, and
b) The assetâs contractual cash flows represent SPPI
Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in the other comprehensive income (OCI). However, the Company recognizes interest income, impairment losses and reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the Statement of profit and loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI is reclassified from the equity to the Statement of profit and loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income under EIR method.
Debt instrument at FVTPL
FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI is classified as FVTPL.
In addition, the Company may elect to designate a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortized cost or FVTOCI criteria, as at FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as âaccounting mismatchâ). The Company has not designated any debt instruments as at FVTPL.
Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Equity investments
All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading and contingent consideration recognized by an acquirer in a business combination to which Ind AS 103 applies are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.
If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to the Statement of profit and loss, even on the sale of the investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.
Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Derecognition
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognized when:
- The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
- The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a âpass-throughâ arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognize the transferred asset to the extent of the Companyâs continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognizes an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.
Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Company could be required to repay.
Impairment of financial assets
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:
(a) Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortized cost e.g. loans, debt securities, deposits, trade receivables and bank balances
(b) Lease receivables under Ind AS 17
(c) Trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 11 (referred to as âcontractual revenue receivables which includes current contract receivables and retention money receivables in these separate financial statements and Ind AS 18)
(d) Financial guarantee contracts which are not measured as at FVTPL
The Company follows âsimplified approachâ for recognition of impairment allowance on:
- Trade receivables or contract revenue receivables; and
- All lease receivables resulting from transactions within the scope of Ind AS 17
The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognizes impairment allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.
For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly,12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognizing impairment allowance based on 12-month ECL.
Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.
ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e. all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:
- All contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension, call and similar options) over the expected life of the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated reliably, then the entity is required to use the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument.
- Cash flows from the sale of the collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.
ECL impairment allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income/expense in the Statement of profit and loss. This amount is reflected under the head âother expensesâ in the Statement of profit and loss. The balance sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:
- Financial assets measured at amortized cost, contract assets and lease receivables: ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e. as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.
- Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts: ECL is presented as a provision in the balance sheet, i.e. as a liability.
For assessing increase in credit risk and impairment loss, the Company combines financial instruments on the basis of shared credit risk characteristics with the objective of facilitating an analysis that is designed to enable significant increases in credit risk to be identified on a timely basis.
The Company does not have any purchased or originated credit-impaired (POCI) financial assets, i.e., financial assets which are credit impaired on purchase/origination.
Financial liabilities
Initial recognition and measurement
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at FVTPL, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.
All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.
The Companyâs financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.
Subsequent measurement
The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Financial liabilities at FVTPL include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at FVTPL. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the Company that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by Ind AS 109.Separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments.
Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at FVTPL are designated at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in OCI. These gains/losses are not subsequently transferred to the Statement of profit and loss. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss. The Company has not designated any financial liability as at fair value through Statement of profit and loss.
Loans and borrowings
After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process.
Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance costs in the Statement of profit and loss.
Financial guarantee contracts
Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company are those contracts that require a payment to be made to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because the specified debtor fails to make a payment when due in accordance with the terms of the debt instrument. Financial guarantee contracts are recognized initially as a liability at fair value, adjusted for transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantee. Subsequently, the liability is measured at the higher of the amount of loss allowance determined as per the impairment requirements of Ind AS 109 and the amount recognized less cumulative amortization.
Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires when an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms,
or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
j. Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting initial recognition and subsequent measurement
The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, to hedge its foreign currency risks and interest rate risks, respectively. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently premeasured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.
Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to the Statement of profit and loss, except for the effective portion of cash flow hedges, which is recognized in OCI and later reclassified to profit or loss when the hedge item affects profit or loss or treated as basis adjustment if a hedged forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability.
For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified as:
- Fair value hedges when hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment
- Cash flow hedges when hedging the exposure to variability in cash flows that is either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction or the foreign currency risk in an unrecognized firm commitment
- Hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation
At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Company formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which the Company wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes the Companyâs risk management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge, the hedging/ economic relationship, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged, hedge ratio and how the entity will assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrumentâs fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged itemâs fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an ongoing basis to determine that they actually have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated.
Hedges that meet the strict criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for, as described below:
(i) Fair value hedges
The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognized in the Statement of profit and loss as finance costs.
For fair value hedges relating to items carried at amortized cost, any adjustment to carrying value is amortized through profit or loss over the remaining term of the hedge using the EIR method. EIR amortization may begin as soon as an adjustment exists and no later than when the hedged item ceases to be adjusted for changes in its fair value attributable to the risk being hedged.
If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized fair value is recognized immediately in profit or loss. When an unrecognized firm commitment is designated as a hedged item, the subsequent cumulative change in the fair value of the firm commitment attributable to the hedged risk is recognized as an asset or liability with a corresponding gain or loss recognized in the Statement of profit and loss.
(ii) Cash flow hedges
The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized in OCI in the cash flow hedge reserve, while any ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the Statement of profit and loss. The Company uses forward currency contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast transactions and firm commitments. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognized in finance costs.
Amounts recognized in OCI are transferred to the Statement of profit and loss when the hedged transaction affects profit or loss, such as when the hedged financial income or financial expense is recognized or when a forecast sale occurs. When the hedged item is the cost of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the amounts recognized in OCI are transferred to the initial carrying amount of the non-financial asset or liability. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover (as part of the hedging strategy), or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, or when the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI remains separately in equity until the forecast transaction occurs or the foreign currency firm commitment is met.
The Company does not use hedges of net investment.
k. Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Companyâs cash management.
I. Government Grants
Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in proportion to the depreciation charged over the expected useful life of the related asset. The Company accounts for export incentives for export of goods if the entitlements can be estimated with reasonable accuracy and conditions precedent to claim is fulfilled.
m. Share capital
Equity shares issued to shareholders are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new equity shares or stock options are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any related income tax effects.
n. Income tax
Current income-tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.
Current income tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized either in OCI or in equity. Current tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:
- When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss
- In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future
Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:
- When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss
- In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss (either in OCI or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
o. Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.
p. Leases
The determination of whether an arrangement is (or contains) a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfillment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.
For arrangements entered into prior to April 1, 2015, the Company has determined whether the arrangement contain lease on the basis of facts and circumstances existing on the date of transition.
Company as a lessee
A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease. A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the Company is classified as a finance lease.
Finance leases are capitalized at the commencement of the lease at the inception date fair value of the leased property or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized in finance costs in the Statement of profit and loss, unless they are directly attributable to qualifying assets, in which case they are capitalized in accordance with the Companyâs general policy on the borrowing costs.
A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.
Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the Statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Company as a less or
Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income from operating lease is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income.
Leases are classified as finance leases when substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership transfer from the Company to the lessee. Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recorded as receivables at the Companyâs net investment in the leases. Finance lease income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment outstanding in respect of the lease.
q. Impairment of non-financial assets
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the assetâs recoverable amount. An assetâs recoverable amount is the higher of an assetâs or Cash Generating Unitâs (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.
The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Companyâs CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations generally cover a period of five years. For longer periods, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the fifth year. To estimate cash flow projections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets/forecasts, the Company extrapolates cash flow projections in the budget using a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent period, unless an increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term average growth rate for the products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for the market in which the asset is used.
Impairment losses including impairment on inventory are recognized in the statement of profit or loss.
For assets excluding goodwill, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the assetâs or CGUâs recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the assetâs recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the Statement of profit and loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case, the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.
r. Provisions
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the Statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement.
If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.
Warranty provisions
Provisions for warranty-related costs are recognized when the product is sold or service provided to the customer. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of warranty related costs is revised annually.
Provision for onerous contracts
A provision for onerous contracts is recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at the present value of the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Company recognizes any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.
Decommissioning liability
The Company records a provision for decommissioning costs of its manufacturing facilities.
Decommissioning costs are provided at the present value of expected costs to settle the obligation using estimated cash flows and are recognized as part of the cost of the particular asset. The cash flows are discounted at a current pre-tax rate that reflects the risks specific to the decommissioning liability. The unwinding of the discount is expensed as incurred and recognized in the Statement of profit and loss as a finance cost. The estimated future costs of decommissioning are reviewed annually and adjusted as appropriate. Changes in the estimated future costs or in the discount rate applied are added to or deducted from the cost of the asset.
s. Retirement and other employee benefits
Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund is a defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as an expense, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.
The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan in India, which requires contributions to be made to a separately administered fund.
The cost of providing benefits under the defined benefit plan is determined using the projected unit credit method.
Remeasurements, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Remeasurements are not reclassified to the Statement of profit and loss in subsequent periods.
Past service costs are recognized in the Statement of profit and loss on the earlier of:
- The date of the plan amendment or curtailment, and
- The date that the Company recognizes related restructuring costs
Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The Company recognizes the following changes in the net defined benefit obligation as an expense in the Statement of profit and loss:
- Service costs comprising current service costs, past-service costs, gains and losses on curtailments and non-routine settlements; and
- Net interest expense or income
Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next 12 months, is treated as short-term employee benefit. The Company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date.
The Company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the actuaria
Mar 31, 2015
1.1 Basis for Preparation of Financial Statements
The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost
convention on an accrual basis and comply with notified accounting
standards referred to in Section 133 read with the General Circular
15/2013 dated September 13, 2013 of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs
and other relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013.
1.2 Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles requires estimates and assumptions to be
made that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities on the
date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and
expenses during the reported period. Differences between the actual
outcome and estimates are recognised in the period in which the outcome
is known or materialises.
1.3 Fixed Assets - Tangible and Intangible Assets
a. Tangible fixed assets are stated at cost (net of refundable taxes or
levies) and include any other attributable cost for bringing the assets
to working condition for their intended use.
b. Borrowing costs attributable to qualifying fixed assets are
capitalised.
c. Machinery specific spares (other than those required for regular
maintenance) are capitalised as part of the related fixed asset.
d. Expenditure incurred on acquisition or, as the case may be, on
development of goodwill, technical know- how, software, patents, on
research and development and other intangibles is recognised as an
Intangible Asset if it is expected that such asset will generate future
economic benefits not less than its carrying cost.
1.4 Depreciation
a. Cost incurred on Leasehold land is amortised over the period of
lease.
b. The management has carried out an estimation of the useful lives of
fixed assets based on internal and external technical evaluation. Based
on such evaluation, in respect of the following categories of fixed
assets, useful life differs from that specified in the Schedule II to
the Companies Act 2013 :
Asset Category Company''s Estimate of Useful Life (Years)
Plant & Machinery 5 to 20
Roads 5 to 30
OfficeEquipment 15
Electrical Installation & Equipment 15
Computers & Data Processing Units 4to6
c. Intangible assets are amortised on the straight line method over the
estimated useful life of such assets. An asset''s useful life is
estimated based on an evaluation of the future economic benefits
expected of such assets.
d. Depreciation on the entire plant and machinery of chemical division
is charged considering the chemical plant as a "Continuous Process
Plant".
1.5 Impairment
Carrying amount of cash generating units/ assets is reviewed at the
Balance Sheet date to determine whether there is any indication of
impairment. Provision for impairment loss, if any, is recognized to the
extent to which the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable
amount. Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset''s net selling
price and its value in use. Value in use is determined on the basis of
the discounted present value of estimated future cash flows expected to
arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the
end of its useful life.
1.6 Investments
Investments that are readily realisable and intended to be held for not
more than a year are classified as current investments. All other
investments are classified as long term investments.
Current investments are carried at lower of cost and fair value
determined on an individual investment basis. Long term investments
are carried at cost. However, provision for diminution is made to
recognize a decline, other than temporary in nature, in the carrying
amount of such long term investments.
1.7 Inventories
a. Inventories are valued at lower of cost and estimated net realisable
value.
b. Cost of raw materials, components, consumables, tools, stores &
spares is arrived at on the basis of weighted average cost.
c. Cost of finished goods and work in progress is arrived at on the
basis of weighted average cost of raw materials and the cost of
conversion thereof for bringing the inventories up to their present
location and condition.
d. Inventory obsolescence is provided for on the basis of standard
norms.
1.8 Employee Benefits
a. Provident Fund
Liability on account of the company''s obligation under the
employee''s provident fund, a defined contribution plan, is charged to
the statement of profit and loss on the basis of statutory liability to
contribute.
b. Superannuation Fund
Liability on account of the company''s obligation under the
employees'' superannuation fund, a defined contribution plan, is
charged to the statement of profit and loss on the basis of the
plan''s liability to contribute.
c. Gratuity
i. Liability on account of company''s obligation under the employee
gratuity plan, a defined benefit plan, is provided on the basis of
actuarial valuation at the Balance Sheet date.
ii. Fair value of plan assets, being the fund balance on the balance
sheet date with Life Insurance Corporation under group
gratuity-cum-life assurance policy, is recognised as an asset.
Ni. Current service cost, interest cost and actuarial gains and losses
are charged to the statement of profit and loss.
iv. Past service cost/effect of any curtailment or settlement is
charged/credited to the statement of profit and loss, as applicable.
d. Compensated Absences
Liability on account of the company''s obligation under the
employee''s leave policy is charged to the statement of profit and
loss at the undiscounted amount of such liability calculated with
reference to leave earned but not availed of as at the Balance Sheet
date.
e. Medical and Leave Travel Assistance benefits
Liability on account of the company''s obligation under the
employee''s medical reimbursement scheme and leave travel assistance
is charged to the statement of profit and loss at the undiscounted
amount of such liability.
f. Bonus & Employee Short-Term Incentive Plan
Liabilities on account of the company''s obligations under statutory
regulations, agreement with trade unions and employees'' short term
incentive plan, as applicable, are charged to the statement of profit
and loss at the undiscounted amount of each liability.
1.9 Provisions and Contingent Liabilities
a. Provisions in respect of present obligations arising out of past
events are made when reliable estimates can be made of those.
Provisions are not discounted to their present value and are determined
based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the
reporting date. These estimates are reviewed at each reporting date and
adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.
b. The company provides for warranty obligations on substantial
completion of contracts based on technical evaluation and past
experience.
c. Contingent liabilities are disclosed by way of notes to the
financial statements, after careful evaluation by the management of the
facts and legal aspects of each matter involved.
1.10 Revenue Recognition
a. Revenue in respect of products is recognised on dispatch of goods to
customers or when they are unconditionally appropriated to the
concerned contracts.
b. Revenue in respect of projects for construction of plants and
systems, involving designing, engineering, fabrication, supply,
erection (or supervision thereof), commissioning, guaranteeing
performance thereof etc., execution of which is spread over different
accounting periods is recognized on the basis of percentage of
completion method.
c. Determination of revenues under the percentage of completion method
necessarily involves making estimates by the management (some of which
are of a technical nature) of the costs to completion, the expected
revenues from each contract (adjusted for probable liquidated damages,
if any) and the foreseeable losses to completion.
d. Stage of completion of each contract is determined by the proportion
that aggregate contract costs incurred for work done till the balance
sheet date bear to the estimated total contract cost.
e. The difference between costs incurred plus recognised profits / less
recognised losses and the amount of invoiced sales is disclosed as
contracts in progress.
f. Supply of spare parts and services are accounted for on ''as
billed'' basis.
g. Revenue in respect of long-term service contracts and maintenance
contracts is recognised on the basis of stage of completion or time
proportion whichever is more appropriate.
h. Dividend from investments is recognized when the company''s right
to receive is established.
i. Government Grants
* A Government grant is accounted for when there is reasonable
certainty of compliance with its conditions and of its ultimate
collection.
* Revenue expenses (net of government grants, if any) incurred during
research and development phase of internal projects are recognised as
and when incurred.
* The cost incurred on any intangible asset (net of government grants,
if any) in the development phase is recognised to the extent there is
reasonable certainty of generating sufficient future economic benefits
through commercial exploitation of such asset.
1.11 Borrowing Costs
a. Borrowing costs on working capital are charged to statement of
profit and loss in the year incurred.
b. Borrowing costs attributable to the acquisition of a tangible fixed
asset are capitalized till the date of substantial completion of the
activities necessary to prepare the relevant asset for its intended
use.
c. Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition or
development of intangible assets are capitalised till the date they are
ready to use.
1.12 Foreign Currency Transactions
a. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange
rates prevailing on the respective dates of the transactions.
b. Exchange differences on settlement of transactions in foreign
currencies are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
c. Foreign currency monetary item balances in the balance sheet are
translated at the closing exchange rates and the resulting exchange
difference is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
d. Non-monetary items which are carried in terms of historical cost
denominated in a foreign currency are reported using the exchange rate
at the date of the transaction.
e. Revenue items of any foreign branches are translated at the relevant
currency''s average rate for the year.
1.13 Hedge Accounting
The company uses foreign currency forward contracts to hedge its risk
associated with foreign currency fluctuations. In terms of the risk
management strategy, the company does not use forward cover contracts
for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign currency forward contracts are initially measured at fair value
and are re-measured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair
value of such contracts, which are designated and effective, are
recorded in the Hedging Reserve account.
The accumulated changes in fair value recorded in the hedging reserve
account are transferred to the statement of profit and loss in the same
period during which the underlying transactions affect statement of
profit and loss and / or the foreign currency forward contract expires
or is exercised, terminated or no longer qualifies for hedge
accounting.
1.14 Taxes on Income
a. Current tax is provided on the basis of estimated tax liability,
computed as per applicable provisions of the IncomeTaxAct, 1961.
b. Deferred tax is recognised, subject to the consideration of
prudence, in respect of deferred tax assets, on timing differences,
being the differences between taxable income and accounting income that
originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more
subsequent periods.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates
and tax law that have been enacted by the Balance Sheet date.
1.15 Others
a. A liability for liquidated damages is recognised when it is deducted
or claimed by the customer or when a reasonable estimate of the likely
obligation can be made.
b. Provision for doubtful debts is made on the basis of standard norms
in respect of debtors outstanding beyond predefined period and also,
where required, on actual evaluation.
2. Contingent Liabilities - Excise, Customs Duty and Service Tax
Disputed demands in respect of Excise, Customs Duty and Service Tax Rs.
10.42 Crore (Previous Year Rs. 16.24 Crore), Sales Tax Rs. 20.72 Crore
(Previous Year Rs. 16.44 Crore) and other Statutes Rs.0.15 Crore
(Previous Year Rs. 0.14Crore).
Mar 31, 2013
1.1 Basis for Preparation of Financial Statements
The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost
convention on an accrual basis and comply with notified accounting
standards as referred to in Section 211(3C) and other relevant
provisions of the Companies Act, 1956.
1.2 Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the
generally accepted accounting principles requires estimates and
assumptions to be made that affect the reported amounts of assets and
liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported
amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period.
Differences between the actual outcome and estimates are recognised in
the period in which the outcome is known or materialises.
1.3 Fixed Assets - Tangible and Intangible Assets
a. Tangible fixed assets are stated at cost (net of refundable taxes
or levies) and include any other attributable cost for bringing the
assets to working condition for their intended use.
b. Borrowing costs attributable to fixed assets are capitalised.
c. Machinery specific spares (other than those required for regular
maintenance) are capitalised as a part of the related fixed asset.
d. Expenditure incurred on acquisition or, as the case may be, on
development of goodwill, technical know-how, software, patents, on
research and development and other intangibles is recognised as an
Intangible Asset, if it is expected that such asset will generate
future economic benefits not less than their carrying cost.
1.4 Depreciation
a. Cost incurred on Leasehold land is amortised over the period of
lease.
b. Depreciation on all tangible fixed assets is provided on the
straight line method in the manner and at the rates prescribed in
Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956, except for the following :
- in case of data processing equipments and computers, which are
depreciated at a higher rates of 33.33% as compared to 16.21% provided
in Schedule XIV.
- certain vehicles related to employee perquisites are depreciated at
higher rates of 15% and 13.45% as compared to 9.50% provided in
Schedule XIV.
c. Depreciation of capitalised machinery specific spares, whose use is
expected to be irregular, is charged over the remaining useful life of
the related item of plant and machinery. The written down value of such
spares is charged to profit and loss account when issued for
consumption.
d. Intangible assets are amortised on the straight line method over
the estimated useful life of such assets. An asset''s useful life is
estimated based on an evaluation of the future economic benefits
expected of such assets.
e. Depreciation on the entire plant and machinery of chemical division
is charged considering the chemical plant as a "Continuous Process
Plant".
1.5 Asset Impairment
Provision for impairment loss, if any, is recognized to the extent to
which the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount.
Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset''s net selling price and
its value in use. Value in use is determined on the basis of the
present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the
continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its
useful life.
1.6 Investments
Investments that are readily realisable and intended to be held for not
more than a year are classified as current investments. All other
investments are classified as long term investments.
Current investments are carried at lower of cost and fair value
determined on an individual investment basis. Long term investments are
carried at cost. However, provision for diminution is made to recognize
a decline, other than temporary in nature, in the carrying amount of
such long term investments.
1.7 Inventories
a. Inventories are valued at lower of cost and estimated net
realisable value.
b. Cost of raw materials, components, consumables, tools, stores &
spares is arrived at on the basis of weighted average cost.
c. Cost of finished goods and work in progress is arrived at on the
basis of weighted average cost of raw materials and the cost of
conversion thereof for bringing the inventories upto their present
location and condition.
d. Inventory obsolescence is provided for on the basis of standard
norms.
1.8 Employee Benefits
a. Provident Fund
Liability on account of the company''s obligation under the employee''s
provident fund, a defined contribution plan, is charged to the
statement of profit and loss on the basis of the statutory liability to
contribute.
b. Superannuation Fund
Liability on account of the company''s obligation under the employees'' s
uperan nu ation fu nd, a defin ed contribution plan, is charged to the
statement of profit and loss on the basis of the plan''s liability to
contribute.
c. Gratuity
i. Liability on account of company''s obligation under the employee
gratuity plan, a defined benefit plan, is provided on the basis of
actuarial valuation.
ii. Fair value of plan assets, being the fund balance on the balance
sheet date with Life Insurance Corporation under group
gratuity-cum-life assurance policy, is recognised as an asset.
iii. Current service cost, interest cost and actuarial gains and losses
are charged to the statement of profit and loss.
iv. Past service cost/effect of any curtailment or settlement is
charged/credited to the statement of profit and loss, as applicable.
d. Compensated Absences
Liability on account of the company''s obligation under the employee''s
leave policy is charged to the statement of profit and loss at the
undiscounted amount of such liability calculated with reference to
leave earned but not availed as at the balance sheet date.
e. Medical and Leave Travel Assistance benefits
Liability on account of the company''s obligation under the employee''s
medical reimbursement scheme and leave travel assistance is charged to
the statement of profit and loss at the undiscounted amount of such
liability.
f. Bonus & Employee Short-Term Incentive Plan
Liabilities on account of the company''s obligations under statutory
regulations, agreement with trade unions and employees'' short term
incentive plan, as applicable, are charged to the statement of profit
and loss at the undiscounted amount of such liability.
1.9 Provisions and Contingent Liabilities
a. Provisions in respect of present obligations arising out of past
events are made when reliable estimates can be made of them.
b. The company provides for warranty obligations on substantial
completion of contracts based on technical evaluation and past
experience.
c. Contingent liabilities are disclosed by way of notes to the
financial statements, after careful evaluation by the management of the
facts and legal aspects of each matter involved.
1.10 Revenue Recognition
a. Revenue in respect of products is recognised on dispatch of goods
to customers or when they are unconditionally appropriated to the
concerned contracts.
b. Revenue in respect of projects for construction of plants and
systems, involving designing, engineering, fabrication, supply,
erection (or supervision thereof), commissioning, guaranteeing
performance thereof etc., execution of which is spread over different
accounting periods is recognized on the basis of percentage of
completion method.
c. Stage of completion of each contract is determined by the
proportion that aggregate contract costs incurred for work done till
the balance sheet date bear to the estimated total contract cost.
d. The difference between costs incurred plus recognised profits /
less recognised losses and the amount of invoiced sales is disclosed as
contracts in progress.
e. Determination of revenues under the percentage of completion method
necessarily involves making estimates by the management (some of which
are of a technical nature) of the costs to completion, the expected
revenues from each contract (adjusted for probable liquidated damages,
if any) and the foreseeable losses to completion.
f. Supply of spare parts and services are accounted for on ''as billed''
basis.
g. Revenue in respect of long-term service contracts and maintenance
contracts is recognised on the basis of stage of completion or time
proportion as the case may be.
h. Dividend from investments is recognized when the company''s right to
receive is established.
i. Government Grants
* A Government grant is accounted for when there is reasonable
certainty of compliance with its conditions and of its ultimate
collection.
* Revenue expenses (net of government grants, if any) incurred during
research and development phase of internal projects are recognised as
and when incurred.
* Any Intangible asset (net of government grants, if any) arising from
the development phase of such projects is recognised to the extent
there is reasonable certainty of generating sufficient future economic
ben efi ts throu gh commercial exploitation of such asset.
1.11 Borrowing Costs
a. Borrowing costs on working capital are charged to the statement of
profit and loss in the year incurred.
b. Borrowing costs attributable to the acquisition of a tangible fixed
asset are capitalized till the date of substantial completion of the
activities necessary to prepare the relevant asset for its intended
use.
c. Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition or
development of intangible assets are capitalised till the date they are
put to use.
1.12 Foreign Currency Transactions
a. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange
rates prevailing on the respective dates of the transactions.
b. Exchange differences on settlement of transactions in foreign
currencies are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
c. Foreign currency monetary item balances in the balance sheet are
translated at the closing exchange rates and the resulting exchange
difference is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
d. Non-monetary items which are carried in terms of historical cost
denominated in a foreign currency are reported using the exchange rate
at the date of the transaction.
e. Revenue items of any foreign branches are translated at the
relevant currency''s average rate for the year.
1.13 Hedge Accounting
The company uses foreign currency forward contracts to hedge its risk
associated with foreign currency fluctuations. In terms of the risk
management strategy, the company does not use forward cover contracts
for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign currency forward contracts are initially measured at fair value
and are re-measured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair
value of such contracts, which are designated and effective, are
recorded in the Hedging Reserve account.
The accumulated changes in fair value recorded in the hedging reserve
account are transferred to the statement of profit and loss in the same
period during which the underlying transactions affect the statement of
profit and loss and / or the foreign currency forward contract expires
or is exercised, terminated or no longer qualifies for hedge
accounting.
1.14 Taxes on Income
a. Current tax is provided on the basis of estimated tax liability,
computed as per applicable provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
b. Deferred tax is recognised, subject to the consideration of
prudence, in respect of deferred tax assets, on timing differences,
being the differences between taxable income and accounting income that
originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more
subsequent periods.
1.15 Others
a. A liability for liquidated damages is recognised when it is
deducted or claimed by the customer or when a reasonable estimate of
the likely obligation can be made.
b. Provision for doubtful debts is made on the basis of standard norms
in respect of debtors outstanding beyond predefined period and also,
where required, on actual evaluation.
c. Annual fees payable under a License Agreement for acquisition of a
right to use Licensed Marks is recognised and charged to the statement
of profit and loss on payment.
Mar 31, 2012
1.1 Basis for Preparation of Financial Statements
The financial statements have been prepared under historical cost
convention on accrual basis and comply with notified accounting
standards as referred to in Section 211(3C) and other relevant
provisions of the Companies Act, 1956.
1.2 Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the
generally accepted accounting principles requires estimates and
assumptions to be made that affect the reported amounts of assets and
liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported
amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period.
Differences between the actual results and estimates are recognised in
the period in which the results are known / materialised.
1.3 Fixed Assets à Tangible and Intangible Assets
a. Tangible fixed assets are stated at cost (net of refundable taxes
or levies) and include any other attributable cost for bringing the
assets to working condition for their intended use.
b. Borrowing costs, if any, attributable to qualifying assets, are
capitalised.
c. Machinery specific spares other than those required for regular
maintenance are capitalised as a part of the tangible fixed assets.
d. Expenditure incurred on acquisition or development of goodwill,
technical know-how, software, patents, research and development and
such other intangibles are recognised as Intangible Asset, if it is
expected that such assets will generate sufficient future economic
benefits.
1.4 Depreciation
a. Cost incurred on Leasehold land is amortised over the period of
lease.
b. Depreciation on all tangible fixed assets is provided by the
straight line method in the manner and at the rates prescribed in
Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956, except following :
- in case of data processing equipments/computers, which are
depreciated at a higher rate of 33.33% as compared to 16.21% provided
in Schedule XIV.
- certain vehicle related to employee perquisites are depreciated at a
higher rate of 15% / 13.45% as compared to 9.50% provided in Schedule
XIV.
c. Depreciation in respect of capitalised machinery specific spares
whose use is expected to be irregular is charged over the remaining
useful life of the related item of plant and machinery. The written
down value of such spares is charged to the statement of profit and
loss when issued for consumption.
d. Intangible assets are amortised by straight line method over the
estimated useful life of such asset. The useful life is estimated based
on the evaluation of future economic benefits expected of such assets.
e. Depreciation on the entire plant and machinery of chemical division
is charged considering the chemical plant as a "Continuous Process
Plant".
1.5 Asset Impairment
Provision for impairment loss, if any, is recognized to the extent to
which the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount.
Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's net selling price and
its value in use. Value in use is determined on the basis of the
present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the
continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its
useful life.
1.6 Investments
Investments that are readily realisable and intended to be held for not
more than a year are classified as current investments. All other
investments are classified as long term investments.
Current investments are carried at lower of cost and fair value
determined on an individual investment basis. Long term investments are
carried at cost. However, provision for diminution is made to recognize
a decline, other than temporary in nature, in the carrying amount of
such long term investments.
1.7 Inventories
a. Inventories are valued at lower of cost and estimated net
realisable value.
b. Cost of raw materials, components, consumables, tools, stores &
spares is arrived at on the basis of weighted average cost.
c. Cost of finished goods & work in progress is arrived at on the
basis of weighted average cost of raw materials & the cost of
conversion thereof for bringing the inventories upto their present
location and condition.
d. Inventory obsolescence is provided for on the basis of standard
norms and also where required, on actual evaluation.
1.8 Employee Benefits
a. Provident Fund
Liability on account of the company's obligation under the employee's
provident fund, a defined contribution plan, is charged to the
statement of profit and loss on the basis of actual liability
calculated as a percentage of salary.
b. Superannuation Fund
Liability on account of the company's obligation under the employee's
superannuation fund, a defined contribution plan, is charged to the
statement of profit and loss on the basis of actual liability
calculated as a percentage of salary.
c. Gratuity
i. Liability on account of company's obligation under the employee
gratuity plan, a defined benefit plan, is provided on the basis of
actuarial valuation.
ii. Fair value of plan assets, being the fund balance on the balance
sheet date with Life Insurance Corporation under group
gratuity-cum-life assurance policy, is recognised as an asset.
iii. Current service cost, interest cost and actuarial gains and losses
are charged to the statement of profit and loss.
iv. Past service cost/effect of any curtailment or settlement is
charged/ credited to the statement of profit and loss, as applicable.
d. Compensated Absences
Liability on account of the company's obligation under the employee's
leave policy is provided on actual basis in respect of leave earned but
not availed based on the number of days of carry forward entitlement at
balance sheet date.
e. Medical and Leave Travel Assistance benefits
Liability on account of the company's obligation under the employee's
medical reimbursement scheme and leave travel assistance is provided on
actual basis.
f. Bonus & Employee Short-Term Incentive Plan
Liability on account of the company's obligation under the statutory
regulations, agreement with trade union and employees short term
incentive plan, as applicable, is provided on actual basis as per the
relevant terms as determined.
1.9 Provisions and Contingent Liabilities
a. Provisions in respect of present obligations arising out of past
events are made in the accounts when reliable estimates can be made of
the amount of the obligation.
b. The company provides for warranty obligations on substantial
completion of contracts based on technical evaluation and past
experience.
c. Contingent liabilities are disclosed by way of note to the
financial statements, after careful evaluation by the management of the
facts and legal aspects of the matter involved.
1.10 Revenue Recognition
a. Revenue in respect of products is recognised on dispatch of goods
to the customer or when they are unconditionally appropriated to the
contract.
b. Revenue in respect of projects for construction of plants and
systems, involving designing, engineering, fabrication, supply,
erection (or supervision thereof), commissioning, guaranteeing
performance thereof etc., execution of which is spread over different
accounting periods is recognized on the basis of percentage of
completion method.
c. Stage of completion is determined by the proportion that contract
costs incurred for work done till date bears to the estimated total
contract costs.
d. Difference between costs incurred plus recognised profits / less
recognised losses and the amount of invoiced sale is disclosed as
contract in progress.
e. Determination of revenues under the percentage of completion method
necessarily involves making estimates by the Company (some of which are
of a technical nature) concerning the costs to completion, the expected
revenue from the contract (adjusted for probable liquidated damages, if
any) and the foreseeable losses to completion.
f. Supply of spare parts and services are accounted on 'as billed'
basis.
g. Revenue in respect of long-term service contracts / maintenance
contracts is recognised on the basis of stage of completion.
h. Dividend from investments is recognized when the company's right to
receive is established.
i. Government Grants
* Government Grant is accounted when there is reasonable certainty of
compliance with its conditions and its ultimate collection.
* Revenue expenses (net of government grants, if any) incurred during
research and development phase of internal projects are recognised as
and when incurred.
* Any Intangible asset (net of government grants, if any) arising from
the development phase of such projects is recognised to the extent
there is reasonable certainty of generating sufficient future economic
benefits through commercial exploitation of such asset.
1.11 Borrowing Costs
a. Borrowing costs on working capital is charged to the statement of
profit and loss in the year of incurrence.
b. Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition of
tangible fixed assets are capitalized till the date of substantial
completion of the activities necessary to prepare the relevant asset
for its intended use.
c. Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition or
development of qualifying intangible assets are capitalised till the
date they are put to use.
1.12 Foreign Currency Transactions
a. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange
rates prevailing on the respective dates of the transactions.
b. Exchange difference on settlement of transactions in foreign
currencies is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
c. Foreign currency monetary items are translated at the closing
exchange rates and the resulting exchange difference is recognised in
the statement of profit and loss.
d. Non-monetary items which are carried in terms of historical cost
denominated in a foreign currency are reported using the exchange rate
at the date of the transaction.
e. Revenue items of foreign branches are translated at average rate.
1.13 Hedge Accounting
The company uses foreign currency forward contracts to hedge its risk
associated with foreign currency fluctuations. In terms of the risk
management strategy, the company does not use forward cover contracts
for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign currency forward contracts are initially measured at fair value
and are re-measured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair
value of such contracts, which are designated and effective, are
recorded in the Hedging Reserve account. The accumulated changes in
fair value recorded in the hedging reserve account are transferred to
the statement of profit and loss in the same period during which the
underlying transactions affect the statement of profit and loss and /
or the foreign currency forward contract expires or is exercised,
terminated or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting.
1.14 Taxes on Income
a. Current tax is provided on the basis of estimated tax liability,
computed as per applicable provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
b. Deferred tax is recognised, subject to the consideration of
prudence, in respect of deferred tax assets, on timing differences,
being the differences between taxable income and accounting income that
originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more
subsequent periods.
1.15 Others
a. Liability for liquidated damages is recognised when it is deducted
/ claimed by the customer or when a reasonable estimate of the likely
obligation can be made.
b. Provision for doubtful debts is made on the basis of standard norms
in respect of debtors outstanding beyond predefined period and also,
where required, on actual evaluation.
c. Annual fees payable under a License Agreement for acquisition of a
right to use Licensed Marks are recognised and charged to the statement
of profit and loss on payment.
Mar 31, 2011
A) Basis for Preparation of Financial Statements
The financial statements have been prepared under historical cost
convention on accrual basis and comply with notified accounting
standards as referred to in Section 211(3C) and other relevant
provisions of the Companies Act, 1956.
b) Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the
generally accepted accounting principles requires estimates and
assumptions to be made that affect the reported amounts of assets and
liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported
amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period.
Differences between the actual results and estimates are recognised in
the period in which the results are known / materialised.
c) Fixed Assets à Tangible and Intangible Assets
i. Tangible fixed assets are stated at cost (net of refundable taxes or
levies) and include any other attributable cost for bringing the assets
to working condition for their intended use.
ii. Borrowing costs, if any, attributable to fixed assets, are
capitalised.
iii. Machinery specific spares other than those required for regular
maintenance are capitalised as a part of the tangible fixed assets.
iv. Expenditure incurred on acquisition or development of goodwill,
technical know- how, software, patents, research and development and
such other intangibles are recognised as Intangible Asset, if it is
expected that such assets will generate sufficient future economic
benefits.
d) Depreciation
i. Cost incurred on Leasehold land is amortised over the period of
lease.
ii. Depreciation on all tangible fixed assets is provided by the
straight line method in the manner and at the rates prescribed in
Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956, except following :
à in case of data processing equipments/ computers, which are
depreciated at a higher rate of 33.33% as compared to 16.21% provided
in Schedule XIV.
à certain vehicle related to employee perquisites are depreciated at a
higher rate of 15% / 13.45% as compared to 9.50% provided in Schedule
XIV.
iii. Depreciation in respect of capitalised machinery specific spares
whose use is expected to be irregular is charged over the remaining
useful life of the related item of plant and machinery. The written
down value of such spares is charged to profit and loss account when
issued for consumption.
iv. Intangible assets are amortised by straight line method over the
estimated useful life of such asset. The useful life is estimated based
on the evaluation of future economic benefits expected of such assets.
v. Depreciation on the entire plant and machinery of chemical division
is charged considering the chemical plant as a ÃContinuous Process
PlantÃ.
e) Asset Impairment
Provision for impairment loss, if any, is recognized to the extent to
which the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount.
Recoverable amount is the higher of an assets net selling price and
its value in use. Value in use is determined on the basis of the
present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the
continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its
useful life.
f) Investments
Investments that are readily realisable and intended to be held for not
more than a year are classified as current investments. All other
investments are classified as long term investments.
Current investments are carried at lower of cost and fair value
determined on an individual investment basis. Long term investments are
carried at cost. However, provision for diminution is made to recognize
a decline, other than temporary in nature, in the carrying amount of
such long term investments.
g) Inventories
i. Inventories are valued at lower of cost and estimated net realisable
value.
ii. Cost of raw materials, components, consumables, tools, stores &
spares is arrived at on the basis of weighted average cost.
iii. Cost of finished goods & work in progress is arrived at on the
basis of weighted average cost of raw materials & the cost of
conversion thereof for bringing the inventories upto their present
location and condition.
iv. Inventory obsolescence is provided for on the basis of standard
norms.
h) Employee Benefits
i) Provident Fund
Liability on account of the companys obligation under the employees
provident fund, a defined contribution plan, is charged to profit and
loss account on the basis of actual liability calculated as a
percentage of salary.
ii) Superannuation Fund
Liability on account of the companys obligation under the employees
superannuation fund, a defined contribution plan, is charged to profit
and loss account on the basis of actual liability calculated as a
percentage of salary.
iii) Gratuity
a. Liability on account of companys obligation under the employee
gratuity plan, a defined benefit plan, is provided on the basis of
actuarial valuation.
b. Fair value of plan assets, being the fund balance on the balance
sheet date with Life Insurance Corporation under group
gratuity-cum-life assurance policy, is recognised as an asset.
c. Current service cost, interest cost and actuarial gains and losses
are charged to profit and loss account.
d. Past service cost/effect of any curtailment or settlement is
charged/ credited to the profit and loss account, as applicable.
iv) Compensated Absences
Liability on account of the companys obligation under the employees
leave policy is provided on actual basis in respect of leave earned but
not availed based on the number of days of carry forward entitlement at
balance sheet date.
v) Medical and Leave Travel Assistance benefits
Liability on account of the companys obligation under the employees
medical reimbursement scheme and leave travel assistance is provided on
actual basis.
vi) Bonus & Employees Short-Term Incentive Plan
Liability on account of the companys obligation under the statutory
regulations, agreement with trade union and employees short term
incentive plan, as applicable, is provided on actual basis as per the
relevant terms as determined.
i) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities
i. Provisions in respect of present obligations arising out of past
events are made in the accounts when reliable estimates can be made of
the amount of the obligation.
ii. The company provides for warranty obligations on substantial
completion of contracts based on technical evaluation and past
experience.
iii. Contingent liabilities are disclosed by way of note to the
financial statements, after careful evaluation by the management of the
facts and legal aspects of the matter involved.
j) Revenue Recognition
i. Revenue in respect of products is recognised on dispatch of goods to
the customer or when they are unconditionally appropriated to the
contract.
ii. Revenue in respect of projects for construction of plants and
systems, involving designing, engineering, fabrication, supply,
erection (or supervision thereof), commissioning, guaranteeing
performance thereof etc., execution of which is spread over different
accounting periods is recognized on the basis of percentage of
completion method.
iii. Stage of completion is determined by the proportion that contract
costs incurred for work done till date bears to the estimated total
contract costs.
iv. Difference between costs incurred plus recognised profits / less
recognised losses and the amount of invoiced sale is disclosed as
contract in progress.
v. Determination of revenues under the percentage of completion method
necessarily involves making estimates by the Company (some of which are
of a technical nature) concerning the costs to completion, the expected
revenue from the contract (adjusted for probable liquidated damages, if
any) and the foreseeable losses to completion.
vi. Supply of spare parts and services are accounted on Ãas billed
basis.
vii. Revenue in respect of long-term service contracts / maintenance
contracts is recognised on the basis of stage of completion.
viii. Dividend from investments is recognized when the companys right
to receive is established.
ix. Government Grants
à Government Grant is accounted when there is reasonable certainty of
compliance with its conditions and its ultimate collection.
à Revenue expenses (net of government grants, if any) incurred during
research and development phase of internal projects are recognised as
and when incurred.
à Any Intangible asset (net of government grants, if any) arising from
the development phase of such projects is recognised to the extent
there is reasonable certainty of generating sufficient future economic
benefits through commercial exploitation of such asset.
k) Borrowing Costs
i. Borrowing costs on working capital is charged to profit and loss
account in the year of incurrence.
ii. Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition of
tangible fixed assets are capitalized till the date of substantial
completion of the activities necessary to prepare the relevant asset
for its intended use.
iii. Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition or
development of intangible assets are capitalised till the date they are
put to use.
l) Foreign Currency Transactions
i. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange
rates prevailing on the respective dates of the transactions.
ii. Exchange difference on settlement of transactions in foreign
currencies is recognised in the profit & loss account.
iii. Foreign currency monetary items are translated at the closing
exchange rates and the resulting exchange difference is recognised in
the profit & loss account.
iv. Non-monetary items which are carried in terms of historical cost
denominated in a foreign currency are reported using the exchange rate
at the date of the transaction.
v. Revenue items of foreign branches are translated at average rate.
m) Hedge Accounting
The company uses foreign currency forward contracts to hedge its risk
associated with foreign currency fluctuations. In terms of the risk
management strategy, the company does not use forward cover contracts
for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign currency forward contracts are initially measured at fair value
and are re-measured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair
value of such contracts, which are designated and effective, are
recorded in the Hedging Reserve account.
The accumulated changes in fair value recorded in the hedging reserve
account are transferred to profit and loss account in the same period
during which the underlying transactions affect profit and loss account
and / or the foreign currency forward contract expires or is exercised,
terminated or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting.
n) Taxes on Income
i. Current tax is provided on the basis of estimated tax liability,
computed as per applicable provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
ii. Deferred tax is recognised, subject to the consideration of
prudence, in respect of deferred tax assets, on timing differences,
being the differences between taxable income and accounting income that
originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more
subsequent periods.
o) Others
i. Liability for liquidated damages is recognised when it is deducted /
claimed by the customer or when a reasonable estimate of the likely
obligation can be made.
ii. Provision for doubtful debts is made on the basis of standard norms
in respect of debtors outstanding beyond predefined period and also,
where required, on actual evaluation.
iii. Annual fees payable under a License Agreement for acquisition of a
right to use Licensed Marks are recognised and charged to profit and
loss account on payment.
Mar 31, 2010
A) Basis for Preparation of Financial Statements
The financial statements have been prepared under historical cost
convention on accrual basis and comply with notified accounting
standards as referred to in Section 211(3C) and other relevant
provisions of the Companies Act, 1956.
b) Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the
generally accepted accounting principles requires estimates and
assumptions to be made that affect the reported amounts of assets and
liabilities on the date of financial statements and the reported
amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period.
Differences between the actual results and estimates are recognised in
the period in which the results are known / materialised.
c) Fixed Assets à Tangible and Intangible Assets
i. Tangible fixed assets are stated at cost (net of refundable taxes or
levies) and include any other attributable cost for bringing the assets
to working condition for their intended use.
ii. Borrowing costs, if any, attributable to fixed assets, are
capitalised.
iii. Machinery specific spares other than those required for regular
maintenance are capitalised as a part of the tangible fixed assets.
iv. Expenditure incurred on acquisition or development of goodwill,
technical know- how, software, patents, research and development and
such other intangibles are recognised as Intangible Asset, if it is
expected that such assets will generate sufficient future economic
benefits.
d) Depreciation
i. Cost incurred on Leasehold land is amortised over the period of
lease.
ii. Depreciation on all tangible fixed assets is provided by the
straight line method in the manner and at the rates prescribed in
Schedule XIV to the Companies Act, 1956, except following :
à in case of data processing equipments/ computers, which are
depreciated at a higher rate of 33.33% as compared to 16.21% provided
in Schedule XIV.
à certain vehicle related to employee perquisites are depreciated at a
higher rate of 15% / 13.45% as compared to 9.50% provided in Schedule
XIV.
iii. Depreciation in respect of capitalised machinery specific spares
whose use is expected to be irregular is charged over the remaining
useful life of the related item of plant and machinery. The written
down value of such spares is charged to profit and loss account when
issued for consumption.
iv. Intangible assets are amortised by straight line method over the
estimated useful life of such asset. The useful life is estimated based
on the evaluation of future economic benefits expected of such assets.
v. Depreciation on the entire plant and machinery of chemical division
is charged considering the chemical plant as a ÃContinuous Process
PlantÃ.
e) Asset Impairment
Provision for impairment loss, if any, is recognized to the extent by
which the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount.
Recoverable amount is the higher of an assetÃs net selling price and
its value in use. Value in use is determined on the basis of the
present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the
continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its
useful life.
f) Investments
Investments that are readily realisable and intended to be held for not
more than a year are classified as current investments. All other
investments are classified as long term investments.
Current investments are carried at lower of cost and fair value
determined on an individual investment basis. Long term investments are
carried at cost. However, provision for diminution is made to
recognize a decline, other than temporary in nature, in the carrying
amount of such long term investments.
g) Inventories
i. Inventories are valued at lower of cost and estimated net realisable
value.
ii. Cost of raw materials, components, consumables, tools, stores &
spares is arrived at on the basis of weighted average cost.
iii. Cost of finished goods & work in progress is arrived at on the
basis of weighted average cost of raw materials & the cost of
conversion thereof for bringing the inventories upto their present
location and condition.
iv. Inventory obsolescence is provided for on the basis of standard
norms.
h) Employee Benefits
i) Provident Fund
Liability on account of the companyÃs obligation under the employeeÃs
provident fund, a defined contribution plan, is charged to profit and
loss account on the basis of actual liability calculated as a
percentage of salary.
ii) Superannuation Fund
Liability on account of the companyÃs obligation under the employeeÃs
superannuation fund, a defined contribution plan, is charged to profit
and loss account on the basis of actual liability calculated as a
percentage of salary.
iii) Gratuity
a. Liability on account of companyÃs obligation under the employee
gratuity plan, a defined benefit plan, is provided on the basis of
actuarial valuation.
b. Fair value of plan assets, being the fund balance on the balance
sheet date with Life Insurance Corporation under group
gratuity-cum-life assurance policy, is recognised as an asset.
c. Current service cost, interest cost and actuarial gains and losses
are charged to profit and loss account.
d. Past service cost/effect of any curtailment or settlement is
charged/credited to the profit and loss account, as applicable.
iv) Leave Encashment
Liability on account of the companyÃs obligation under the employeeÃs
leave policy is provided on actual basis in respect of leave earned but
not availed based on the number of days of carry forward entitlement at
balance sheet date.
v) Medical and Leave Travel Assistance benefits
Liability on account of the companyÃs obligation under the employeeÃs
medical reimbursement scheme and leave travel assistance is provided on
actual basis.
vi) Bonus & EmployeeÃs Short-Term Incentive Plan
Liability on account of the companyÃs obligation under the statutory
regulations, agreement with trade union and employees short term
incentive plan, as applicable, is provided on actual basis as per the
relevant terms as determined.
i) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities
i. Provisions in respect of present obligations arising out of past
events are made in the accounts when reliable estimates can be made of
the amount of the obligation.
ii. The company provides for warranty obligations on substantial
completion of contracts based on technical evaluation and past
experience.
iii. Contingent liabilities are disclosed by way of note to the
financial statements, after careful evaluation by the management of the
facts and legal aspects of the matter involved.
j) Revenue Recognition
i. Revenue in respect of products is recognised on dispatch of goods to
the customer or when they are unconditionally appropriated to the
contract.
ii. Revenue in respect of projects for construction of plants and
systems, involving designing, engineering, fabrication, supply,
erection (or supervision thereof), commissioning, guaranteeing
performance thereof etc., execution of which is spread over different
accounting periods is recognized on the basis of percentage of
completion method.
iii. Stage of completion is determined by the proportion that contract
costs incurred for work done till date bears to the estimated total
contract costs.
iv. Difference between costs incurred plus recognised profits / less
recognised losses and the amount of invoiced sale is disclosed as
contract in progress.
v. Determination of revenues under the percentage of completion method
necessarily involves making estimates by the Company (some of which are
of a technical nature) concerning the costs to completion, the expected
revenue from the contract (adjusted for probable liquidated damages, if
any) and the foreseeable losses to completion.
vi. Supply of spare parts and services are accounted on Ãas billedÃ
basis.
vii. Revenue in respect of long-term service contracts / maintenance
contracts is recognised on the basis of stage of completion.
viii. Dividend from investments is recognized when the companyÃs right
to receive is established.
k) Borrowing Costs
i. Borrowing costs on working capital is charged to profit and loss
account in the year of incurrence.
ii. Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition of
tangible fixed assets are capitalized till the date of substantial
completion of the activities necessary to prepare the relevant asset
for its intended use.
iii. Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition or
development of intangible assets are capitalised till the date they are
put to use.
l) Foreign Currency Transactions
i. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange
rates prevailing on the respective dates of the transactions.
ii. Exchange difference on settlement of transactions in foreign
currencies is recognised in the profit & loss account.
iii. Foreign currency monetary items are translated at the closing
exchange rates and the resulting exchange difference is recognised in
the profit & loss account.
iv. Non-monetary items which are carried in terms of historical cost
denominated in a foreign currency are reported using the exchange rate
at the date of the transaction.
v. Revenue items of foreign branches are translated at average rate.
m) Hedge Accounting
The company uses foreign currency forward contracts to hedge its risk
associated with foreign currency fluctuations. In terms of the risk
management strategy, the company does not use forward cover contracts
for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign currency forward contracts are initially measured at fair value
and are re-measured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair
value of such contracts, which are designated and effective, are
recorded in the Hedging Reserve account.
The accumulated changes in fair value recorded in the hedging reserve
account are transferred to profit and loss account in the same period
during which the underlying transactions affect profit and loss account
and / or the foreign currency forward contract expires or is exercised,
terminated or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting.
n) Taxes on Income
i. Current tax is provided on the basis of estimated tax liability,
computed as per applicable provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
ii. Deferred tax is recognised, subject to the consideration of
prudence, in respect of deferred tax assets, on timing differences,
being the differences between taxable income and accounting income that
originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more
subsequent periods.
o) Others
i. Liability for liquidated damages is recognised when it is deducted /
claimed by the customer or when a reasonable estimate of the likely
obligation can be made.
ii. Provision for doubtful debts is made on the basis of standard norms
in respect of debtors outstanding beyond predefined period and also,
where required, on actual evaluation.
iii. Annual fees payable under a License Agreement for acquisition of a
right to use Licensed Marks are recognised and charged to profit and
loss account on payment.
2. Contingent Liability
a) Disputed demands in respect of Excise, Customs Duty and Service Tax
Rs. 22.11 Crore (Previous Year Rs. 14.22 crore), Sales Tax Rs. 13.38
Crore (Previous Year Rs. 6.53 Crore) and other Statutes Rs. 0.09 Crore
(Previous Year Rs. 0.14 Crore).
b) Income Tax
i) Demands disputed in appellate proceedings Rs. 34.55 Crore (Previous
Year Rs. 24.53 Crore).
ii) References / Appeals preferred by Income Tax department in respect
of which, should the ultimate decision be unfavourable to the company,
the liability is estimated to be Rs. 19.38 Crore (Previous Year Rs.
22.30 Crore).
c) Counter Guarantees given by the company to the banks on behalf of
group companies : Rs. 0.34 Crore on behalf of Thermax Engineering
Construction Co. Ltd. (TECC), Rs. 92.64 Crore on behalf of Thermax
Instrumentation Ltd. (TIL) and Rs. Nil on behalf of ME Engineering Ltd
(ME Engg.), towards securing advances received from clients and
performance of contracts.(Previous Year Rs. 6.32 Crore for TECC, Rs.
40.16 Crore for TIL and Rs. 1.30 Crore for ME Engg.).
d) Counter Guarantees given to the banks for guarantees issued by them
on companyÃs behalf Rs. 1417.84 Crore (Previous Year Rs. 837.11 Crore).
e) Indemnity Bonds/Corporate guarantees given to Customs, other
Government departments and various customers Rs. 69.80 Crore (Previous
Year Rs 33.49 Crore).
f) Liability for unexpired export obligations Rs. 48.71 Crore
(Previous Year Rs. 19.67 Crore).
g) Claims against the company not acknowledged as debts Rs. 9.45 Crore
(Previous Year Rs. 7.75 Crore).
h) Bills Discounted with banks Rs. 43.39 Crore (Previous Year Rs. 73.45
Crore).
i) Liability in respect of partly paid shares in Parasrampuria
Synthetics Ltd. Rs. 0.19 Crore (Previous Year Rs. 0.19 Crore).